Explain why effective communicating in developing positive relationships is important Essay

Explain why effective communicating in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults is important Effective communication is important with children because it helps them to feel valued. It shows them that their interests and opinions are listened to. When we listen and communicate with children, this gives them more self-confidence and it also helps to increase their self-esteem, both of these being so important for their future. The child we are communicating with needs to feel at ease and be given the opportunity to communicate back with comfort and confidence. Children need to have role models, they need to understand that these people eg.teachers , classroom assistants or school principles must be listened too, respected and obeyed. Communicating clearly with children (either giving orders or simply praising them) helps to establish this, and in return, hopefully you will built trust and respect. This is vital if a child needs to confide in us regarding aspects of their life which may be troubling them. Eg bullying, family life or maybe having negative feeling. As children slowly learn how to respect you, it should help to develop how they communicate with others. It allows them to develop and reach their maximum potential as they learn how to exchange information. Relationship problems can develop when there is a lack of communication, or don’t have the skills to communicate effectively. These skills include:  good listening skills  using the word â€Å"I† eg I would like you to tell me †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. using the child’s name – this makes things more personal  speaking in an even tone  using short sentences  giving short and clear instructions  open body language We can communicate in different ways: -The way we speak – tone of voice, clarity etc -Gestures – pointing, hand movements etc -Body language – arms folded etc -Facial expressions – angry, smiling etx Effective communication is important for the smooth running of any situation.

Lord of the Flies Literary Analysis Paper

Through the Doors of High School Bullying – something that happens every day in high schools, but yet people do not always acknowledge what goes on. According to the article Bully Facts & Statistics, 56% of students have personally witnessed some type of bullying at school. Bullying exceedingly affects a person. Whether it comes to a stop or not, the person harassed will never have the same mentality. In William Golding’s novel Lord of the Flies, a plane crashes on a deserted island and all that remains is a group of boys. No adults – young boys all alone.Throughout the novel the children have leadership roles and rules in order for their continued existence. The experience a person has while on the island is how they reach their goal – survival. Lord of the Flies is a classic because it is seen as a metaphor for high school in this contemporary era because of the struggle for power that is showed through the setting, the characters, and the symbols. Goldi ng uses the scar on the island as a part of the setting to relate to high school. No matter if the boys abscond from the island, the mark will still exist similar to a student’s reputation in high school.The scar in the novel is the scene where the plane crash emerges. This is the characteristics of the scar after the crash: â€Å"The undergrowth of the side of the scar was shaken and a multitude of raindrops fell pattering† (7). A scar literally means leaving a mark on something. The popular crowd in high school ensures an easier time of leaving a positive impact on the school, because they have additional power over the other students. This is an example of students struggling for power. Besides the popular crowd, everyone else has a hard time of gaining their power and making an impact on the school.A person will never forget about their experience in high school just like the boys will never overlook the effects of the plane crash that happened in Lord of the Flies on the island. From the novel Lord of the Flies, Piggy’s characteristics remain not all that different from high school students. Early on in the novel, when Piggy and Ralph first meet, Piggy states, ‘†I don’t care what they call me,† he said confidentially, ‘â€Å"so long as they don’t call me what they used to call me at school†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (11). Piggy’s declaration refers to how he accustomed to be treated back home.Piggy’s heavyset body and nerdy glasses causes constant harassment directed towards him. Contrary, high school students remain not all that different. Whether in high school or Lord of the Flies, name calling can really get to a person. The students that get picked on constantly are the ones that struggle the most at gaining power. The students that pick on others are the ones that contain the most power. On the island, a social stance takes place. Ralph and Jack are the leaders while the litluns follow th em. Piggy remains the outcast. In schools the bullies, usually the jocks, tend to pick on the nerds.Although Piggy was known as the outcast, he had brains. â€Å"But Piggy, for all his ludicrous body, had brains. Ralph was a specialist in thought now, and could recognize thought in another (78). † Piggy was smarter than most of the others; that was part of the reason of why he stood out. Similarly, high school students judge to quickly. Again, that is a big part of why bullying takes place at school. Because Piggy is smarter than the others, it causes him to struggle the most for power. He is seen differently than the others and judged for it.Furthermore, possessions parallel materialistic possessions of people in high school. In the novel, the conch is used as an important object to the boys. Towards the end of the book when Roger rolls a boulder on Piggy, â€Å"The rock struck Piggy a glancing blow from chin to knee; the conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and c eased to exist† (181). In Lord of the Flies, the conch symbolizes power. The conch represents order; it keeps the boys in line. Similar to high school, the conch represents power like students’ possessions. By having expensive clothes, it symbolizes richness, coolness, and popularity.Ralph a leader in the novel, uses the conch to gain his power. But Ralph eventually loses his power. â€Å"The space under the palm trees was full of noise and movement. Ralph was on his feet too, shouting for quiet, but no one heard him. All at once the crowd swayed toward the island and was gone – following Jack (38). † This is like high school because everyone fights for their power. Ralph represents society and in order for them to maintain their societal image; Ralph guides the boys by making rules. The conch calls the group to meetings and remains exceedingly important to the boys – especially Ralph.After giving the boys false information for a period of time, the boys turn to Jack as their leader instead of Ralph. Therefore, Lord of the Flies is a classic because it persists as a metaphor for high school in this contemporary era because of the struggle for power showed through the setting, the characters, and the symbols. In Lord of the Flies people have to deal with bullying every day. All because of the social groups that take place and the power that comes along with it. Always remember – bullying will proceed to exist in high schools but if a person does not let it bother them then it will not be as affective.

Strategies and Resources for Success Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategies and Resources for Success - Coursework Example ges that an online learners may anticipate may be like: how to build on the existing base of knowledge and how to evaluate the multifaceted online resources. In addition it might be very difficult for them to find an appropriate comparison groups that can help them in solving data collection problems and even in the interpretation of the program maturity impacts. This paper seeks to evaluate the challenges that the online learners may anticipate when undertaking their online studies and to give strategies that they can use to ensure that they succeed in their learning experience. One of the challenges that the online learners are experiencing is lack of the self-discipline that is needed to devote enough time to class in courses that may not have regular time schedule to meet the synchronous online (Ottenbacher & Harrington, 2010). Setting and following the specific study hours is one of the factors that can work for online learners. For example evening hour can be designated for reading the lessons and the weekend can be used for doing the writing assignment. It is very important to note that designating specific hours to read, completing the assignments and even post dialogues to other learners may be very helpful. Professional online learning requires resources like the technology, materials and even time. All these resources are dependent on the availability of funds. How these resources will be prioritized so that they can be in line with the professional needs may greatly affect the quality, access and effectiveness of the experience of the educators. When the learners are committed to ensure equity in the allocation of these resources and they have thoughtful consideration of their priorities, the intended outcome for both the learners and the educators can be achieved. Interactions of most students commonly take place through online threaded discussions that gives the instructors and the students’ time to interact in a synchronous manners. This may

Computer Platforms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Platforms - Research Paper Example A binary input of 0100 would light four LEDs in a row whilst a binary input of 0101 would light five LEDs in a row. Derive the truth-table for a 4 bit input/ 16 bit output decoder which would be used to power this linear display. Solution: Let x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, x10, x11, x12, x13, x14 and x15 represent the linear array of LEDs. Let A, B, C and D represent the binary input terminals. The truth-table for the linear display is shown in Figure 2.2. .. Table 2.1 gives details as to which segments should be energised to display various decimal values at the 4-pin input. Decimal A B C D Segments 0 0 0 0 0 a, b, c, d, e, f 1 0 0 0 1 b, c 2 0 0 1 0 a, b, g, e, d 3 0 0 1 1 a, b, c, d, g 4 0 1 0 0 b, c, f, g 5 0 1 0 1 a, c, d, f, g 6 0 1 1 0 c, d, e, f, g 7 0 1 1 1 a, b, c 8 1 0 0 0 a, b, c, d, e, f, g 9 1 0 0 1 a, b, c, f, g Table 2.1 Truth-table for BCD-to-seven-segment decoder Hence we can derive expressions for each segment, as follows: a = A'B'C'D' + A'B'CD' + A'B'CD + A'BC'D + A'BCD + AB'C'D' + AB'C'D b = A'B'C'D' + A'B'C'D + A'B'CD' + A'B'CD + A'BC'D' + A'BCD + AB'C'D' + AB'C'D c = A'B'C'D' + A'B'C'D + A'B'CD + A'BC'D' + A'BC'D + A'BCD' + A'BCD + AB'C'D' + AB'C'D d = A'B'C'D' + A'B'CD' + A'B'CD + A'BC'D + A'BCD' + AB'C'D' e = A'B'C'D' + A'B'CD' + A'BCD' + AB'C'D' f = A'B'C'D' + A'BC'D' + A'BC'D + A'BCD' + AB'C'D' + AB'C'D g = A'B'CD' + A'B'CD + A'BC'D' + A'BC'D + A'BCD' + AB'C'D' + AB'C'D 2.b A display composed of a linear array of LEDs, is to respond to a 4-bit binary input which is dependent on the absolute binary value by lighting each successful element. A binary input of 0100 would light four LEDs in a row whilst a binary input of 0101 would light five LEDs in a row. Derive the truth-table for a 4 bit input/ 16 bit output decoder which would be used to power this linear display. Solution: Let x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, x10, x11, x12, x13, x14 and x15 represent the linear array of LEDs. Let A, B, C and D represent the binary input terminals. The truth-table for the linear display is shown in Figure 2.2. Table 2.2 Truth-table for LEDs of linear display 3.a The decimal number 101 may be represented in binary as 01100101. Using One's

Project report Statistics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report - Statistics Project Example The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and number of part-timers is about 0.0501. This suggests a very weak (or negligible) positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and number of part-timers. As shown in figure 3, there appears a positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked. The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked is about 0.2630. This suggests a weak positive linear relationship between sales per square metre and total number of hours worked. Figure 4 shows the scatterplot between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. As shown in figure 4, there appears a negative linear relationship between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. The value of the correlation coefficient between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store is about -0.2938. This suggests a weak negative linear relationship between sales per square metre and sales floor space of the store. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 4.871 is greater than 1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant relationship between sales and number of full-timers. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 1.000 is in-between 1.966 and -1.966 (non-rejection region), we do not reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is no significant relationship between sales and number of part-timers. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = 5.438 is greater than 1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant relationship between sales and total number of hours worked. Since, the value of the test statistic, t = -6.132 is less than -1.966, we reject the null hypothesis, H0 and conclude that there is a significant

Spyware and Viruses Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Spyware and Viruses - Term Paper Example Moreover, it can be used as a kind of adware, whereby the unsolicited pop-up ads are delivered by the software on top of tracking the behavior of the user. Characteristically, the software is installed when the owner is doing the installation of a kind of free software that they really needed (Parikka, 2007). When the software that is being installed by the user is completed, the spyware will attach itself to the installation and begin the collection of data from the activities of the user or the owner. The user of the computer can also be cheated or tricked into the installation of the software via a Trojan horse when it pretends to be piece of security software offered for free. The creators of spyware have been known for paying the developers of shareware to bundle their software with the authentic software and just repackaging the freeware as well as bundling it with their individual spyware (Parikka, 2007). Another way of spyware installation on an unaware computer user is drive-by downloading. Some of the earliest or first spyware did not do much than reporting to the creators every time the program was put to use. It was aimed at aiding marketing or even monitoring usage for the purposes of licensing. Although that is still happening, we find that a lot of nowadays is intended to steal private and valuable information such as the passwords and usernames for email accounts, bank sites, online games and social networking sites (Parikka, 2007). One might never be aware of the fact that they have malicious spyware on their computer, as it seems to operate in the background in a quiet manner and the explicit quality and functionality of the program might be very attractive. They are usually distributed as either ‘freeware’ or even ‘shareware’ with little or no license restrictions for the purposes of trapping as many individuals as possible. On

To what extent is netanyahu speech in Congress 2015 view the nuclear Movie Review

To what extent is netanyahu speech in Congress 2015 view the nuclear deal - Movie Review Example It consists of two houses the House of Representatives and the senate. The congress meets in capitol which is located in Washington D.C. Benjamin claimed that this deal would create two chief concessions which act as a threat to Israel’s security as well as the region. This will be through retention of Iran’s ability to initiate a nuclear weapons program.1 Netanyahu termed it as a bad deal and explained that Israel is much better without the deal. The speech welcomed mixed views and responses from people of all the walks of life as the document analyzes.1 The speech encompassed strong views against the American Iranian negotiations that are underway. This speech stirred up some political controversy of the two countries. He noted that these negotiations will just guarantee that Tehran gets the nuclear weapons to harm the entire world. Netanyahu also noted that from the previous attempts, it is evident that Iran is a nation that cannot be trusted. This is irrespective of whatever they say in terms of whichever accord designed to stop it from acquiring those weapons. He also noted in the speech that the world is now facing the danger of the Islamic militant marriage with the nuclear weapons. The members of the house expressed varying opinions concerning these Netanyahu’s words. A loud applause was received. However the applause came from the republicans while the democrats revealed a restrained reaction. According to Netanyahu, after the deal will be done Iran was to receive two major concessions. One concession was to leave intact the Iran’s vast nuclear infrastructure. The other concession was to lift the restrictions on this program in like a decade. According to Netanyahu, the world should make sure that no restrictions get lifted on the nuclear program on Iran (New York Times 2). This will be until Iran stops all the aggressive activities against its neighbors in Mideast, seize supporting terrorism in the globe and refrain from annihilating

Press Releases and Persuasion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Press Releases and Persuasion - Assignment Example The real battle according to some sources centers on cultural forces of godlessness since the various cultural values at some point leave little room for God and at the same time pay less attention to His word. Religions of the world have different teachings and concepts concerning deity. Most religions believe in some supernatural source of power which in some cases is presented in form of Gods or Goddesses. However, every belief has equal stronger attachments to their gods justifying superiority of their own religions based on traditions. Various religions have different deity which they believe in. Buddhism believes in atheism, whereby they totally reject any possibility of God’s existence. Others included in Atheist group are Unitarians and Universalists. Hinduism is considered Henotheist where they believe in many deities where they consider only one to be supreme deity (Viren et al. 1). For instance, paying less attention to religious tolerance led to ignorance on contemptuous issues amongst Christians and Jews. A good example can be drawn from the holocaust issue where religious leaders reacted in different ways. During this period Christians believed that Jews contributed so much in the confusion experienced in their society through destruction of biblical truth like the rock of Peter and were viewed as the generators of the evils of capitalism as well as communism. Christianity as a religion lay claims on the fact that their religion provides ways to forgiveness of sins and attainment of salvation. However, such claims are not acceptable by all Christians hence leading to divergent beliefs causing denial of some crucial life principles. This has since led to vices such as racism and anti-Semitism hence denial of human equality. The same case has been experienced in CAR where Christians battle Muslims resulting in widespread religious conflict

Legal Aspects of a Business Essay Example for Free

Legal Aspects of a Business Essay Introduction When starting up a new business it is very important to look at the legal aspects which will influence the company in the future. In this part of the information file there will be the most important legal aspects for running a student company. First there is the selection of business form, in which there will be a compairison between the different possible forms. Afterwards a description of how the student company will work with contracts and partners. And finally there is an explanation of the typical dutch legal aspects such as profit tax and dividend. Business form Most important before starting the actual business is to compare the different possible legal business forms to make sure that it suits the intentions of the entrepreneurs. First the expanation per legal form will be given and afterwards a choice will be made for the student company itself. There are three basic legal business forms which can be chosen when starting up a new company: sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Each will be described shortly and afterwards the form of the student company will be given. Sole proprietorship The sole proprietorship is the oldest, most common, and simplest form of business organization. A sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by one person. The prevalent characteristic of a sole proprietorship is that the owner is inseparable from the business. Because they are the same entity, the owner of a sole proprietorship has complete control over the business, its operations, and is financially and legally responsible for all debts and legal actions against the business. Another aspect of the same  entity aspect is that taxes on a sole proprietorship are determined at the personal income tax rate of the owner. In other words, a sole proprietorship does not pay taxes separately from the owner. A sole proprietorship is a good business organization for an individual starting a business that will remain small, does not have great exposure to liability, and does not justify the expenses of incorporating and ongoing corporate formalitie. Corporation A corporation is a business entity which is owned by an individual or group of individuals and they run a business that legally exists. A corporate body is formed to regulate and manage business. People work as a unit in a corporation and produce the value that will generate income. A lot of employment is generated by corporations and they have now a big impact on economic growth and the social development of any country that operates in the free market system. A corporation has rights and responsibilities just like people have, and can also be liable to the processes of law just as an individual can. The characteristics of a corporation are the limited liability of shareholders, management being delegated to a board of directors, ownership by shareholders, transferable shares and that it has a separate legal personality. Relevance to Student company The fact that the student company will sell shares and therefore will be owned by the shareholders, the student company will be a corporation. Big advantage of this legal form is the spreading of the potential business risks because of the large amounts of shareholders. Disadvantages for the entrepreneurs is the limited power within the company because of the â€Å"voice† of the shareholders and sharing the possible profit with the shareholders. Within shareholder meetings important decisions or problems will subject and together with the entrepreneurs the business strategies are set. Contracts with other parties Because the student company will be a trading company it is very important to make clear arrangements with the suppliers, customers and the entrepreneurs  itself. This will split the the risks of the entrepreneurs as well as the business partners in the buying cyclus. Because it is still not clear what kind of product or service the student company wil sell, this will be researched later on in the market research. Laws and taxes When somebody wants to start up a company within the netherlands this person should notify the Inland Revenue as soon as they know when their company plans to start business. If this person starts as sole trader, a partnership, a limited partnership or a partnership under common firm, he or she can register the company for the Inland Revenue and the trade register at the same time. This can be done at the Chamber of Commerce. It is to your advantage to provide this information at an early stage: new companies which have made investments in their business often receive money back following their first value added tax return .This is because a new business often pays more value added tax in the beginning than it has actually charged. Value added tax It is almost always compulsory for businesses to charge clients value added tax. Businesses are nearly always liable to charge value added tax to their clients. The rate is 6% or 19% depending on the type of product or service. The value added tax which a company receive from the client must be paid to the Inland Revenue. The value added tax which the company has paid out itself to the suppliers can be offset against this. Value added tax is paid either monthly or quarterly, depending on the type of business and the level of turnover. Corporation tax If the company is a private company with limited liability, the owners will be liable to pay corporation tax. Corporation or corporate income tax is levied on companies established in the Netherlands and on certain companies not established in the Netherlands, which receive income from the Netherlands .In this context, the term company includes companies with a capital consisting of share, co-operatives, mutual insurance and credit companies, foundations and other legal persons incorporated under civil law, when they administer an enterprise, funds for common account, and most  publicly-controlled industrial and commercial undertakings. Basis of assessment Profits in the widest sense, with a number of additions or deductions. The determination of the taxable profits corresponds largely with the determination of profits taxable under personal income tax, including the deductibility of losses from other years. Exemptions Legal persons whose activities are of a social or charitable nature or otherwise in the public interest are exempted from corporation tax. Exempted categories of profit are those corresponding to the relevant exemptions under personal income tax. Furthermore the participation exemption applies to all dividends, gains and losses related to the holding of at least 5% of the shares in a subsidiary. This rule, preventing economic double taxation, is in general equally applicable to dividend deriving from domestic and foreign subsidiaries. The loss related to the winding-up of a subsidiary is, under certain conditions, deductible by the parent company. The deductibility of interest paid on non-functional loans and loans related to a reshuffle of participations within the group is restricted to certain circumstances. Another amendment permits companies to depreciate loss-making participations of 25% or more during the first five years after acquisition. Special features Fiscal unity: a company which holds 100% of the shares in a Dutch subsidiary may request to be qualified as a fiscal unity. However, certain conditions apply. It is possible for a fiscal unity to be consisted of more than two companies. The subsidiaries are considered to be absorbed by the parent. As a result, negative results of companies belonging to the unity can be compensated horizontally with positive results of the others. Interest paid to a group company in respect of the acquisition of shares in Dutch operating companies cannot be set off against the profit of these operating companies. Regime for investment funds: provided that all current income is distributed to shareholders and a number of other conditions are met, an  investment company or fund is entitled to add capital gains on securities and real property to a reinvestment reserve and to a rate of nil per cent on the remaining profit.

USA should Begin Withdrawing Troops from Iraq Essay Example for Free

USA should Begin Withdrawing Troops from Iraq Essay War in Iraq affects many countries, their social and economic situation, political stability and international relations. A question of the American military presence in Iraq is one of the most controversial issues in political practice. During years of heated discussions, society has tried to solve the ethical, philosophical and political dilemma concerning the war on terror and aggression of American government against Iraqi people. America should withdraw troops from Iraq because its military presence and occupation contradicts International Law (Hewitt, 2002). The example of the Iraqi war illustrates the fact that the problems of conflicts and violence are not carried out at a distance, against anonymous and invisible victims, but in immediate physical confrontations with them. Another argument is that there is the increasing violence in Iraq against the US military. Following Jeffrey Sachs: â€Å"Were learning again that America cannot be an occupying force in the Middle East† (Web Forum: Was It Worth It?, 2006). Another reason against the military presence of the USA in Iraq is that primary justification for the war against terror and military intervention in Iraq (weapons of mass destruction) is false. The main consequence was a shift of U.S. policy from peaceful neutrality to aggressive international policy supported by military strength. â€Å"It would serve as an example of Washingtons repeated difficulty in winning guerrilla conflicts† (U.S. Faces Pressure †¦ 2005). In addition, the US should withdraws troops from Iraq because the short-term consequences of its presence include increasing budget spending on military sector and security programs, temporal stability and security of the American nation. Nevertheless, the war can create more terrorism affected innocent people around the world. The complications are that in a globalizing world, rich countries cannot insulate themselves from insecurity. Poverty and weak institutions are breeding grounds for public-health crises, violence, and economic volatility. Taking into account the opposite view, it is possible to say that if the USA withdraws troops form Iraq it will threaten its national security and defense. Also, many politicians suppose that the US should implement its long-term policies aimed to strengthen democracy and weakened terrorist groups in this region. Today, Iraqi army is not strong enough to oppose terrorist groups and maintain peace in the region. â€Å"Republicans, warned that withdrawing U.S. troops before the Iraqi army is fully prepared to defend the country against an intractable insurgency would lead to more violence and possible civil war† (Tate, 2006). In this case, it is evident that the US military presence in Iraq is important to secure stable political situation in the region. There seems to be general agreement that competition for political power and the material resources to which such power gives access is a general explanation of the phenomena discussed in the paper. Democratic processes that aim to empower the populace with the final authority see the problem as a top down solution.  No doubt that in modern society the main role is featured to democracy and the US presence supports democratic processes in Iraq. The re-organization of the political system should be mentioned here. Also, a civil war â€Å"could spill over into the rest of the region and threaten the worlds energy supplies, a development that would damage the economies of all oil-dependent countries† (U.S. Faces Pressure †¦ 2005). In this situation, the purpose of US forces is to maintain the continuity of the borders while introducing a degree of regional and local autonomy.   In spite of democratic changes and political stability in Iraq, â€Å"the threat is real and its all the more lethal because, paradoxically or not, its driven by religion and nihilism and a civilizations very unhappy encounter with modernity† (Web Forum, 2006). In this case, the US military is a force which ensures political stability and security for civil population. I suppose that the US should not withdraw troops from Iraq because US forces and control ensures political stability for both Iraq and the US nation. Every nation has the right to go to war in order to sustain its unity, to abolish poor governance, to re-organize the existing political institution if they violate national rights and self-determination. The war on terror and the problem of terrorism has not been yet, and it requires special measures to be made in order to ensure global peace and political stability. From the point of view of the USA, it is a necessary step to protect its citizen from adverse intervention by a nation intending to use weapons of mass destruction. The major public concern is atomic war and its consequences for the globe. Efforts to control these activities through investigations and surveillance on the part of the law-enforcement community also illustrate positive measures to counter the threat of terrorism. Military aid to the civil power is a measure available to the Iraqi government in extraordinary circumstances. â€Å"The US military do whatever we have to do to stabilize Iraq and Afghanistan and use the military power of the U.S. to do that (Burns, 2006). It is important to note that the war in Iraq is aimed to protect civil population from the authoritarian government and its attempts to control natural resources. â€Å"There is no question that Iraq is an important, if not the most important, theater in terms of the fight against Al Qaeda† (Johnson, 2006).  Terrorism on the Middle East is an international problem for many countries including Israel and Palestine, the US and European countries. Thus, the initiation and implementation of measures in response to the threat of terrorism are often complex matters. The problems are magnified when international diplomatic conventions and considerations must also be taken into account. The main means to fight terrorism include firm opposition to terrorism in all its forms and wherever it takes place, and opposition to domestic and international terrorism and respond to terrorist acts. The US mission in Iraq is to ensure global peace and control over the region and its terror groups. References Burns, R. (2006). Pentagon Faces Tough Choices on Iraq. USNews and World Report. Sept 20, Retrieved from   http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_IRAQ?SITE=DCUSNSECTION=TOP_STORIESTEMPLATE=DEFAULT Johnson, S. (2006). ‘We Are Where We Are’ Newsweek. Aug. 14. Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14349435/site/newsweek/ 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hewitt, Ch. (2002). Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda. Routledge. Tate, D. (2006). US Senate Rejects Proposals to Withdraw Troops From Iraq. June 22. Retrieved from http://voanews.com/english/archive/2006-06/2006-06-22-voa50.cfm?CFID=38746764CFTOKEN=55075176 S. Faces Pressure to Pull Troops from Iraq. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_reportreport_id=328language_id=1 Web Forum: Was It Worth It? (2006) Tuesday, Mar. 21. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1175256,00.html

Rankin And Richard Avedon Comparison

Rankin And Richard Avedon Comparison Richard Avedon and John Rankin Waddell (more commonly known as Rankin) have many similarities in their work and have also done many of the same things during their careers; this is not to say that there are no differences though. During this essay I am going to try to compare and contrast both the photographic work and the careers of two photographers. To do this I have researched both photographers, I have researched their lives and careers and also their images. I have looked at similarities and differences in the photographers work, in style, composition, elements and equipment. For my research I have used a mixture of books and the internet (using websites, online interviews, biographies and news articles) which are all secondary sources of information. A brief background of the chosen photographers Avedon was born in New York City, America in 1923. In 1942 after a short time at University Avedon dropped out to join the U.S Merchant Marine to study photography, he left in 1944 and began working as a professional photographer in a department store. Within a year Avedon had been spotted by an art director and was working as a staff photographer for Harper ¿Ã‚ ½s bazaar magazine. This was the start of a very busy and fulfilled photography career for Avedon which went on until his death in 2004 at the age of 81. Rankin was born in 1966 in Paisley, Scotland but was brought up in Hertfordshire, England. After being expelled from school Rankin tried studying Accountancy for a short while, realising this is not what he wanted to do he went on to study photography at London College of Printing. In 1991 he left college to go on and form Dazed Confused magazine with his friend Jefferson Hack. This was the beginning of Rankins career. Fashion Avedon always had an interest in Fashion and this was no surprise given that his Father owned a department store in Manhattan and he regularly had magazines such as Harpers Bazaar, Vogue and Vanity Fair delivered to their family home. Reading through magazines such as these gave Avedon the desire to try to recreate these images which were taken by photographers such as Steichen, Man Ray and Munkasci. Avedon started producing his own photos by the use of a Kodak Box Brownie camera and using his younger sister as a model. When Avedon became a professional fashion photographer, fashion models were not public celebrities, their work had no prestige, and their names were not generally known (Avedon and Hollander: 2005 : p238) This is a big difference between Avedon and Rankin. When shooting fashion it has always been common for Rankin to use famous models, this is not only due to choice but also due to a change in times. Fashion photography in the 1940s, when Avedon started out his photography career was different in many more ways than the fame or popularity of the models. Avedon created a name for himself within the industry by injecting life and colour into fashion photography that hadnt really been done before. His portraits contained smiles, laughter and action which completely went against the norm in photography for this period. This is something that obviously influenced Rankin and can still be seen in his work today. Images by both are usually very minimalist and clean looking. The first image is by Avedon and was used by Vogue for the front cover and the second is by Rankin. Portraits Avedon had always had an interest in portraiture and also a unique way of doing it. When taking portraits of people Avedon used to talk about uncomfortable subjects and asked them very probing questions. This caused reactions that gave Avedon a raw view of people that wasn ¿Ã‚ ½t very often caught by others. His style was very detectable from the subject posing in front of a plain white background and looking directly into the camera. All the pictures were very minimalistic and almost clinical looking. In 1985 he held an exhibition called American West; the exhibition consisted of 125 photos that he had taken between 1979 and 1984, he had photographed drifters, miners, cowboys and many other from the western United States. Avedon was attracted to working people and teenagers growing up in the west. This went on to be published as a book and even though it was criticised at the time from people saying it was giving a bad impression of America it is still seen today as a hugely important hallmark of 20th Century portrait photography. Most of Rankins portraits are done with the same look of plain white background and the subject looking squarely into the camera. Rankin also has a way of bring something very personal to his portraits and has a skill of really reflecting the models personality in the image but done in a different way to which Avedon did, usually by applying a quirky prop or pose. Examples of their portraits are below; the first is by Avedon and the second by Rankin. Documentary Avedons portraits from the American West exhibition are of a documentary style, the pictures are documenting the west of the United States the years of 1979 and 1981. Avedon was interested in showing the real people of this area and time, he chose to photograph workers such as oil field workers and miners in their dirty work gear. He also photographed unemployed travellers and teenagers that were growing up here. In 2008 Rankin, with Oxfam, did his own documentary photography exhibition entitled Cheka Kidogo. For this exhibition, travelling to the Democratic Republic of Congo in June 2008, Rankin took photos of people that were now living in refugee camps due to fleeing conflict in area. The exhibition was to show the reality and draw attention back to the forgotten conflict of the country. Rankin then donated all of the profits from his Rankin Live exhibition to Oxfam. Even though there arent many visual similarities between the two sets of photos, there is a big likeness in the reason behind both and what the photographers wanted to show with them. The main reason for both exhibitions is to show the reality of living in a certain place and time and then the life that this then creates for people. Both tried to capture and show the lives of their subjects through the people in their portraits. Erotica Both Avedon and Rankin have shot an Erotica collection. Even though Rankins seems to be a lot more extensive, you can still the similarities and influences from Avedons work. In the pictures below you can see that the similarities are that of composition, colour, contrast and style. On the below image you can see that Rankin has also added his own style to the picture with the way he has lit the shot and the addition of the snake. Avedons image is also very flat compared to Rankins image. The first is by Avedon, 1992, and the second by Rankin, 2007 A large amount of Rankins recent work falls into the Erotica category. He has published a book that is predominantly of this nature featuring Tuuli Shipster, who was previously his muse but is now his wife. The book is a collection of erotic images of her that he has entitled A Photographic Love Letter. Rankin has also published other books that contain more of his erotic images, probably his most famous one being called Cheeky, in 2002 he has released a book called Sofa Sexy which is slightly more adventurous and daring than his other erotica work . Colour Due to the time a lot of Avedons photos are black and white but even as time went on and colour photography became much more desirable and available, Avedon still shot much of his personal work in black and white. This doesnt mean that he never used colour though, quite the opposite, when shooting for fashion magazines during the 60s and 70s Avedon experimented a lot with colour photography. Avedons long relationship with fashion magazine Harpers Bazaar allowed him to try out color as much as or more than any experimental photographer of the period. His palette derived from trendy colors of the time, including hot pink, which helped spread the colours through the clothing and cosmetics industry.(Marien : 2006: p354) Rankin does occasionally produce black and white pictures but as a whole most of his work tends to be in quite vivid colour. Both photographers produced a lot of portraits on white backgrounds. Even though one uses mainly colour photography and the other black and white both generally produce very high contrast, high key pictures. Rankin 7 photographs that changed fashion For a BBC documentary Rankin tried to recreate what he thought were the  ¿Ã‚ ½7 photographs that changed fashion ¿Ã‚ ½. The photos were originally taken by photographers that had influenced and inspired him such as, Herb Ritts, Cecil Beaton, Guy Bourdin, David Bailey, Erwin Blumenfeld, Helmut Newton and Richard Avedon. During the program Rankin ¿Ã‚ ½s goal is to  ¿Ã‚ ½expose the ways in which fashion photography uses fantasy and beauty to communicate something about reality. ¿Ã‚ ½ (http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq75c) For one of the seven photographs Rankin recreated Avedon ¿Ã‚ ½s 1955  ¿Ã‚ ½Dovima With Elephants ¿Ã‚ ½ for this he used model Erin O ¿Ã‚ ½Connor. He said he chose her for her  ¿Ã‚ ½tall frame and demeanour ¿Ã‚ ½; this obviously matched that of model Dovima that Avedon had used for his image. Rankin produced the image in colour unlike Avedon ¿Ã‚ ½s original that was black and white. Even though Rankin produced a very good image I don ¿Ã‚ ½t think he managed to capture the atmosphere that Avedon did in his image. During the BBC documentary Rankin said about Avedon, Classic styling with energy and creative spirit. Daring, stylish and ambitious, his pictures reflected the optimism of 50s America and turned him into the first celebrity fashion photographer. ¿Ã‚ ½ (BBC : 2009 : The seven Photographs That Changed Fashion) Avedon 1955 Rankin 2008 Books and Magazines Both photographers have produced many books of their photography and many of Avedon ¿Ã‚ ½s have been produced after his death: Avedon:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Nothing Personal. Photographs by Richard Avedon and text by James Baldwin 1964  ¿Ã‚ ½ An Autobiography: The Photographs of Richard Avedon 1993  ¿Ã‚ ½ Evidence: 1944-1994 1994  ¿Ã‚ ½ In the American West: Richard Avedon Photographs 1979 1984 1996  ¿Ã‚ ½ The Sixties 1999  ¿Ã‚ ½ Richard Avedon Portraits 2002  ¿Ã‚ ½ Woman in the Mirror: 1945-2004 2005  ¿Ã‚ ½ Richard Avedon: Photographs 1946-2004 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Richard Avedon: The Kennedys: Portrait of a Family 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Performance 2008  ¿Ã‚ ½ Avedon Fashion 1944-2000 2009 Rankin  ¿Ã‚ ½ Snog 2000  ¿Ã‚ ½ Celebration 2000  ¿Ã‚ ½ Rankinworks 2000  ¿Ã‚ ½ Rankin Male Nudes 2001  ¿Ã‚ ½ Sofasexy turning a cheap sofa into an object of desire 2002  ¿Ã‚ ½ Breeding: a study of sexual ambiguity 2004  ¿Ã‚ ½ Visually Hungry 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Beautyfull 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Tuulitastic A Photographic Love Letter 2007  ¿Ã‚ ½ Heidilicious 2009  ¿Ã‚ ½ Alex Box 2009  ¿Ã‚ ½ Cheeky 2009 Both photographers were heavily involved in magazines during their careers and both predominantly about fashion, whether it be working for one or publishing their own. At the very beginning of his career Rankin, in 1991, with his friend Jefferson Hack started magazine  ¿Ã‚ ½Dazed and Confused ¿Ã‚ ½ this is still very popular and widely sold throughout the world. This was only the start for Rankin and he has gone on to produce magazines such as,  ¿Ã‚ ½RANK ¿Ã‚ ½,  ¿Ã‚ ½Another Magazine ¿Ã‚ ½ and  ¿Ã‚ ½Another Man ¿Ã‚ ½. Avedon was Art Director for  ¿Ã‚ ½Harper ¿Ã‚ ½s Bazaar ¿Ã‚ ½ at the beginning of his career and also worked for Vogue, Egoiste, The New Yorker and LIFE magazine.

Everyone for Themselves :: Driving Transportation Essays

Everyone for Themselves I lived in the village of Millington, MI most of my life, where most of the roads roll around open farmland. After moving down to Lapeer, MI and traveling daily to Rochester, MI on M-24, it seems as if people from different traffic areas drive in different ways. City drivers tend to go 5-20+ speed limit, tailgate more, and seem to run a lot of lights. I would say the majority of the city drivers do this. Some country drivers might also have some of the traits of city drivers, but normally they go 0-5+ speed limit, rarely tailgate, run lights, and do a lot less traffic violations overall. The driving community of the U.S. consists of people of every ethnic background, race, color, and gender. Anyone can become part of the driving community as long as they have a vehicle to drive. To legally become a member of the community you must follow a few steps. First, have a license, which means you may have to take many tests in order to proclaim your worthiness, and pay fees to the secretary of state. The second step is to have your car insured through any broker. The last step is to purchase plates for your vehicle, again paying fees to the secretary of state. If you get pulled over by the police you may get into big trouble if you didn’t go through the â€Å"initiation steps†. He or she may impound your vehicle and send you to jail. Anything that has brake lights, headlights, turn signals, and bumpers (exc. motorcycles) can be considered a vehicle for driving on most roads. (Roads that move faster have requirements, for example, it should have at least a 400cc engine on certain expressways.) Also, expressways and fast moving roads frown on farm equipment or any slow moving vehicles. This is for the safety of the driver of the vehicle and the safety of everyone else on the road. In my first few trips down to Rochester I was absolutely stunned how many people can rush a yellow, and run the red. For example I was about 30’ from the light when it changed to yellow, obviously I couldn’t stop. I looked behind me, three other cars in my lane also made it! I try to assimilate so I won‘t create an accident, but I don’t think I can ever go to the extent that they do.

Standardized Tests Do Not Measure Student Achievement Essay example --

Standardized testing has been around since the mid 1800’s. Even though testing has been around for a long time it is still debated whether or not it should precisely â€Å"score† students. Students have been subjected to standardized tests frequently through their years in school due to laws which have been passed by Congress. Decisions about the evaluation of schools and students are recurrently made by government authority and are often not in the best interest of teachers, students, or their classroom environments. What do students achieve from standardized testing? Achievement means something that somebody has succeeded in doing. â€Å"Achievement is more than just test scores but also includes class participation, students’ course-taking patterns, and teachers’ professional development patterns†(Harris, Harris, Smith). How can a test score show someone’s satisfaction or what they believe success is? The tests aren’t that advanced in today’s technology. The tests do prepare students for more important tests such as the ACT, SAT, ASVAB, ect†¦Testing patterns have also been disputed such as drawing a Christmas tree, or limit a letter choice to a certain number of blanks filled in. This does not help the students or the educators in this essence. It does not test the students’ full potential to what they have learned from their educator, it just simply tests the students’ ability to guess quickly under pressure (Walberg). These tests a re usually briefly timed. Depending on how the student paces his or herself depends on how well he or she can take the test, because the student still needs to think logically. Under these circumstances students rush to finish the test forcing them to think illogically, resulting in a low score ul... ...8 Nov. 2013. Popham, W.James. "Why Standardized Tests Don't Measure Educational Quality." Educational Leadership. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Nov 2013. www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/mar99/vol56/num06/Why- standardized-tests-don't-measure-educational-quality/ "Standardized Tests." procon.org. N.p., 01 Nov. 2013. Web. 11 Nov 2013. . "Standardized Testing: No Child Left Behind." Lawserver. N.p.. Web. 13 Nov 2013. Walberg, Herbert J. "Standardized Tests Effectively Measure Student Achievement." Standardized Testing. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from "Stop the War Against Standardized Tests." Defining Ideas: A Hoover Institution Journal (20 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Nov. 2013.

Tv News vs. Internet News

It is hard to believe that just a few years ago, watching TV or reading newspapers were the only ways of gathering news. Nowadays as thanks to the Internet there is one more option, the question whether it is best to rely on television news, or to follow online news emerged. When set beside, those two ways of gathering news seem to be enormously different. The biggest difference between online news and television news is the access to information. While watching news on TV, we are dependent on broadcast schedule of any TV station.By contrast, there is no schedule involved in following online news. The access to information is constant and it is the user’s choice when to follow the news. Secondly, compared to television news, the amount of online information seems to be much more greater. While on TV only the most important pieces of everyday news are broadcast, the Internet offers basically unlimited amount of information concerning every branch of science and all fields of li fe.Nevertheless, the quality of television news still remains much more higher, as online articles are often anonymous or unverified. Last but not least, unlike television news, following online news gives the reader the possibility of commenting on any given article. While watching television news, the receiver only gathers the news, whereas the online news follower may participate in live â€Å"debate† and express his view on every piece of news presented.To sum up, there are many differences between television news and online news, such as the access to information, the quality of news, or the receiver’s participation. While online news seems to be more available and gives the receiver the chance to comment, the television news still remains more reliable. It is up to the receiver to choose what is more important to him.

Internetworking End-to-End Requirements Essay

– Hence such characteristics as: performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, and QoS of DS are impacted by the underlying network technology and the OS ? Principles of computer networking – Every network has: ? An architecture or layers of protocols ? Packet switching for communication ? Route selection and data streaming ? Comm Subsystems (network technologies rest on): – Transmission media: wires, cables, fiber, wireless (sat, IR, RF, mwave) – Hardware devices: routers, switches, bridges, hubs, repeaters, network interfaces/card/transceivers. – Software components: protocol stacks, comm handlers/drivers, OS primitives, network-focus APIs ? Hosts – The computers and end-devices that use the comm subsystem – Subnet: A single cluster or collection of nodes, which reach each other on the same physical medium and capable of routing outgoing and incoming messages – The Internet is a collection of several subnets (or intranets) ? Networking issues for distributed systems – Initial requirements for DS applications: ftp, rlogin, email, newsgroup – Subsequent generation of DS applics. : on-line shared resources. – Current requirements: performance, reliability, scalability, mobility, security, QoS, multicasting ? Performance – Key: time to deliver unit(s) of messages between a pair of interconnected computers/devices – point-to-point latency (delay) from sending out of outgoing-buffer and receiving into incoming-buffer. Usually due to software overheads, traffic load, and path selection – Data transfer/bit rate: speed of data transfer between 2 computers (bps). Usually due to physical properties of the medium. ? Message trans time = latency + length/bit-rate ? Bandwidth vs. bit-rate. – The total system bandwidth (volume of data sent and received in a unit time, e. g. , per sec. ) is a measure of its throughput – Bit rate or transfer rate is restricted to the medium’s ability to propagate individual bits/signals in a unit time – In most LANs, e. g. , Ethernet’s, when full transmission capacity is devoted to messaging (with little or no latency), then bandwidth and bit-rate are same in measure – Local memory vs network resources: ? Applications access to shared resources on same network usually under msec ? Applications access to local memory usually under msec (1000x faster)? However, for high speed network web-server, with caches, the access time is much faster (than local disk access due to hard disk latency) ? Scalability (Internet and DSs) – Future growth of computing nodes of Internet (hosts, switches) in 109’s (100’s of 106 hosts alone) – Requires substantial changes to routing and addressing schemes (more later! ) – Current traffic (load) on Internet approx. measured by the latencies (see www. mids. org), which seem to have reduced (with advances in medium and protocol types). – Future growth and sustainability depend on economies of use, charge rate, locality/placement of shared resource? Reliability – Failures are typically, not due to the physical medium, but at the end-end (at host levels) software (application-level), therefore, error detection/correction is at the level – Suggesting that the communication subsystem need not be error-free (made transparent/hidden to user) because reliability is somewhat guaranteed at the send/receiver ends (where errors may be caused by, e. g. , buffer overflow, clock drifts causing premature timeouts) ? Security – Most intranets are protected from external (Internet-wide) DSs by firewall. – A firewall protects all the resources of an organized from unlawful/malicious access by external users, and control/monitoring of use of resources outside the firewall – A firewall (bundle of security software and network hardware) runs on a gateway – the entry/exit point of the corporate intranet – A firewall is usually configured based on corporate security policy, and filters incoming and outgoing messages. – To go beyond firewalls, and grant access to world- or Internet-wide resources, end-to-end authentication, privacy, and security (Standards) are needed to allow DSs to function – E. g., techniques are Cryptographic and Authentication – usually implemented at a level above the communication subsystem – Virtual Private Network (VPN) security concept allows intranet-level protection of such features/devices as local routers and secure links to mobile devices ? Mobility – Need wireless to support portable computers and hand-held devices – Wireless links are susceptible to, e. g. , eavesdropping, distortions in medium, out-of-sight/range transmitters/receivers – Current addressing and routing schemes are based on ‘wired’ technologies, which have been adapted and, therefore, not perfect and need extensions? QoS (Quality of Service) – Meeting deadlines and user requirements in transmitting/processing streams of real-time multimedia data – E. g. , QoS requirements: guaranteed bandwidth, timely delivery or bounded latencies, or dynamic readjustments to requirements ? Multicasting – Most transmissions are point-to-point, but several involve one-to-many (either one-to-all – broadcast or selective broadcast – multicast) – Simply sending the same message from one node to several destinations is inefficient – Multicasting technique allows single transmission to multiple destination (simultaneously) by using special addressing scheme 3. Multimedia Transmission and Internetworking Heterogeneous Systems ? Types of Networks – LANs: (confined to smaller, typically, 2. 5km diameter spread) ? higher speed, single medium for interconnection (twisted pair, coax, opt), no routing within ‘segments’ – all point-to-point (from hub), inter-segment connections via switches/hubs, low latency, low error rate ? E. g. , Ethernet, token ring, slotted ring protocols, wired. (1) Ethernet: 1970 with bandwidth of 10Mbps, with extended versions of 100/1000Mbps, lacking latency and bandwidth QoS for DSs: (2) ATM – using frame cells and optical fills the gap but expensive for LAN, newer high-speed Ethernets offer improvement and cost-effective – MANs: (confined to extended, regional area, typically, up to 50km spread) ? Based on high-bandwidth copper and fiber optics for multimedia (audio/video/voice), ? E. g. , technologies: ATM, high-speed Ethernet (IEEE 802. 6 – protocols for MANs), DSL (digital subscriber line) using ATM switches to switch digitized voice over twisted pair @ 0. 25-6Mbps within 1. 5km, cable modem uses coax @ 1. 5Mpbs using analog signaling on TV networks and longer distances than DSL – WANs: (worldwide, lower speeds over sets of varying types of circuits with routers) ? High latency (due to switching and route searching) between 0. 1-0. 5s, signaling speed around 3x105km/s (bounds latency) plus propagation delay (round-trip) of about 0. 2s if using satellite/geostationary dishes; generally slower at 10-100kbps or best 1-2Mbps – Wireless: (connecting portable, wearable devices using access points) ? Common protocol – IEEE 802. 11 (a, b, and now g) (WaveLAN) @ 2-11Mbps (11g’s bandwidth near 54Mbps) over 150m creating a WLANs, some mobiles connected to fixed devices – printers, servers, palmtops to create a WPANs (wireless personal area networks) using IR links or low-powered Bluetooth radio network tech @ 1-2Mbps over 10m. ? Most mobile cell phones use Bluetooth tech. e. g. , European GSM standard and US, mostly, analog-based AMP cellular radio network, atop by CDPD – cellular digital packet data communication system, operating over wider areas at lower speed 9. 6-19. 2kbps.? Tiny screens of mobiles and wearables require a new WAP protocol – Internetworks ? Building open, extendible system for DSs, supporting network heterogeneity, multi-protocol system involving LANs, MANs, WLANs, connected by routers and gateways with layers of software for data and protocol conversions – creating a ‘virtual network’ using underlying physical networks ? E. g. , the Internet using TCP/IP (over several other physical protocols) – Comparisons ? Range of performance characteristics: ? Frequency and types of failures, when used for DS applics? Packet delivery/loss, duplicates (masked at TCP level to guarantee some reliability and transparency to DSs; but may use UDP – faster but less reliable and DS applic’s responsibility to guarantee reliability) Diagram 3. 2 Network Principles †¢ Packet Transmission †¢ Packet transmission superseded telephone/telegraph switched network †¢ Messages are packetized and packets are queued, buffered (in local storage), and transmitted when lines are available using asynchronous transmission protocol †¢ Data Streaming †¢ Multimedia data can’t be packetized due to unpredicted delays. AV data are streamed at higher frequency and bandwidth at continuous flow rate †¢ Delivery of multimedia data to its destination is time-critical / low latency – requiring end-to-end predefined route †¢ E. g. networks: ATM, IPv6 (next generation – will separate ‘steamed’ IP packets at network layer; and use RSVP (resource reserv. protocol) resource/bandwidth prealloc and RTP play-time/time-reqs (real-time transp protocol) at layers 3 & 1, respectively) to work ? Switching Schemes – 4 Kinds of switching methods typically used. – Broadcast – no switching logic, all nodes ‘see’ signals on circuits/cells (e.g. , Ethernet, wireless networks) – Circuit Switching – Interconnected segments of circuits via switches/exchange boxes, e. g. , POTS (Plain Old Telephone System) – Packet Switching – Developed as computing tech advanced with processors and storage spaces using store-and-forward algorithms and computers as switches. Packets are not sent instantaneously, routed on different links, reordered, may be lost, high latency (few msec – msecs). Extension to switch audio/video data brought integration of ‘digitized’ data for computer comm. , telephone services, TV, and radio broadcasting, teleconferencing. – Frame Relay – PS (not instantaneous, just an illusion! ), but FR, which integrates CS and PS techniques, streams smaller packets (53 byte-cells called frames) as bits at processing nodes. E. g. , ATM – Protocols – – Protocols – implemented as pairs of software modules in send/receive nodes, – Specify the sequence of messages for transmission – Specify the format of the data in the messages – Protocols Layers – layered architecture, following the OSI suite – packets are communicated as peer-to-peer transmission but effected vertically across layers by encapsulation method over a physical medium Protocols Suites – The 7-layered architecture of the ISO-OSI †¢ Each layer provides service to the layer above it and extends the service provided by the layer below it †¢ A complete set of protocol layers constitute a suite or stack †¢ Layering simplifies and generalizes the software interface definitions, but costly overhead due to encapsulations and protocol conversions Diagram 3. 3 4. Service Provider Management On the Internet, a management service provider (MSP) is a company that manages information technology services for other companies. For example, a company could hire an MSP to configure and administer its business computers and related systems on a continuing basis, saving the company. An MSP is a service provider that offers system and network management tools and expertise. An MSP typically has its own data center that runs advanced network management software such as HP OpenView or Tivoli. It uses these tools to actively monitor and provide reports on aspects of its customer’s networks, including communication links, network bandwidth, servers, and so on. The MSP may host the customer’s Web servers and application servers at its own site. The services provided by MSPs have been called â€Å"Web telemetry† services. The MSP Association defines MSPs as follows: Management Service Providers deliver information technology (IT) infrastructure management services to multiple customers over a network on a subscription basis. Like Application Service Providers (ASPs), Management Service Providers deliver services via networks that are billed to their clients on a recurring fee basis. Unlike ASPs, which deliver business applications to end users, MSPs deliver system management services to IT departments and other customers who manage their own technology assets. TriActive is an example of an MSP. It provides management and monitoring of PCs, servers, networks, and Web sites from its own NOC (network operations center), which is hosted by Exodus Communications. Exodus ensures that the NOC has fully redundant power, network connectivity, routing, and switching to ensure maximum reliability and integrity. A â€Å"microagent† interacts with customer systems to provide system management. The agent is lightweight and designed for use over the Internet. It acts as a universal agent invoking and managing other agents and programs as required for specific actions. The service is delivered via the Web through a secure Internet portal that lets customers view management information, based on their role in the organization. For example, CIOs can view overall management information while help desk technicians can check call queues, escalations, and open ticket status. Systems analysts can conduct asset inventories and view virus reporting. Objective Systems Integrators is another management service provider that provides software solutions for unified network, service application, and process management. OSI was recently acquired by Agilent Technologies. A list of other MSPs may be found at the MSP Association Web site. Web application and infrastructure monitoring and management have suddenly become critical, yet the tools to do them are lacking. Management service providers (MSP), the latest addition to the current slew of service providers, claim to offer products and services that will oversee your Web operations. Companies staking claims as early MSPs include Candle Corp. in Santa Monica, Calif. ; InteQ Corp. in Burlington, Mass. ; and Nuclio Corp. in Skokie, Ill. What makes MSPs distinctive is that their products and services are provided over the Internet on a subscription basis. That means â€Å"MSPs can achieve economies of scale that companies who license software cannot,† says Christopher Booth, head of technical operations at FreightWise Inc. , a Forth Worth, Texas-based online transportation exchange. Though he declined to say how much his company is paying to use Nuclio’s MSP, Booth did say that the service has been â€Å"very advantageous. † The cost savings that MSPs can pass on may help them catch on with corporate customers. Gartner Group Inc. in Stamford, Conn., estimates that the $90 million MSP market will balloon to more than $3. 25 billion by 2005. 5. Programmable/Cognitive Networks A key strength of the Internet has been to reduce the intelligence within the network to that required placed at strategic places within the network such as at administrative boundaries, or at locations where there is a large mismatch between bandwidth, or where the certain location specific services can be used. Others believe that the entire architecture should be rethought as a computational environment, in which everything can be programmed, and the entire network becomes active. The research in this area is aimed at discovering how viable it is to open up such elements of the communications architecture as the routing table. A fundamental question raised by both the active service and the active network approaches is how to ensure that the shared resource of the network remains safe and is protected from misbehaving programs. Programs can abuse the network by generating packet explosions and can abuse the shared processor by using all the memory and the processor cycles. Worse, they may subvert the working of correct programs so that they too break. If network programmability is going to be available to the application designers, we need to ensure that they do not break things by accident, let alone by intention. Traditional systems approaches to protection are based upon what a program should be able to do, then using runtime checks to ensure that the program doesn’t exceed these bounds. This leads to the sandbox model of protection, as used in Java and enhanced to provide protection for Active Networks. However, there are major problems with this approach. First, each runtime check reduces the performance of the system, increasing the overhead of each use of system resources. Second, it is very difficult to ensure that the protection mechanisms are correct, and cannot be subverted in any way. An alternative approach is to use compile time checks upon what the program is doing. This uses the type system to represent predicates about program functionality and if a program is well-typed, then it proves the program to obey the policies implemented in the type system. This approach has been used to allow users to run programs within the kernel as in Spin, and in protecting access to router functionality in the Switchware project. †¢ To provide a network programming language based on Internet `best effort’ communication. †¢ To provide scaleable high-level communication based on `remote spawn’ from which other communication can be built. †¢ To make use of types as safety properties, to ensure that the safety and security policies of the network are maintained. †¢ To rapidly prototype tools such as compilers and simulators in order to drive the development of the language by examples. Best-effort distributed programming In the Internet, an application transmits a packet, which is sent to the next router on the way to the destination. At this router, the arrival of the packet causes code to run, which calls other code dependent upon the fields in the header of the packet. This code may access and modify local state stored in the router and then copy or create one or more packets to be sent out from the router. These packets are then routed on output links depending upon the destination for each packet, and so on until the packets reach their destination, or are destroyed within the network for whatever reason. In our programming model, we have attempted to replicate this basic structure of packet transmission. In the Internet, the arrival of a packet initiates some thread of control which uses the data within the packet to decide upon the disposition of the packet. In our model, a packet becomes a thread of control, carrying the code to be run and the names or values of any data referenced within that code. When a thread arrives at a Safetynet-aware router or end system, the thread code is instantiated within the runtime and runs within a de_ned scheduling class. The thread of control may call other code to be run on its behalf. The other code is encapsulated within classes, which are either present in the router, or are dynamically loaded from elsewhere. Threads can spawn other threads, either locally or on the next hop to some destination. 6. Design of an Internetwork We will discuss about the networking especially the internetworking. In this case we will need to discuss some topics related with the Internet Infrastructure, Internet routing, domain name and address resolution, internet protocol and the applications. Internet Infrastructure: The Internet backbone is made up of many large networks which interconnect with each other. These large networks are known as Network Service Providers or Naps. Some of the large Naps are UUNet, Cerf Net, IBM, BBN Planet, Sprint Net, PSINet, as well as others. These networks peer with each other to exchange packet traffic. Each NSP is required to connect to three Network Access Points or NAPs. At the NAPs, packet traffic may jump from one NSP’s backbone to another NSP’s backbone. NSPs also interconnect at Metropolitan Area Exchanges or MAEs. MAEs serve the same purpose as the NAPs but are privately owned. NAPs were the original Internet interconnects points. Both NAPs and MAEs are referred to as Internet Exchange Points or IXs. NSPs also sell bandwidth to smaller networks, such as ISPs and smaller bandwidth providers. Below is a picture showing this hierarchical infrastructure. Diagram 4 This is not a true representation of an actual piece of the Internet. Diagram 4 is only meant to demonstrate how the NSPs could interconnect with each other and smaller ISPs. None of the physical network components are shown in Diagram 4 as they are in Diagram 3. This is because a single NSP’s backbone infrastructure is a complex drawing by itself. Most NSPs publish maps of their network infrastructure on their web sites and can be found easily. To draw an actual map of the Internet would be nearly impossible due to its size, complexity, and ever-changing structure. The Internet Routing Working: It is general phenomenon that No computer knows where any of the other computers are, and packets do not get sent to every computer. The information used to get packets to their destinations is contained in routing tables kept by each router connected to the Internet. The Routers are called the packet switches. A router is usually connected between networks to route packets between them. Each router knows about its sub-networks and which IP addresses they use. The router usually doesn’t know what IP addresses are ‘above’ it. Examine Diagram 5 below. The black boxes connecting the backbones are routers. The larger NSP backbones at the top are connected at a NAP. Under them are several sub-networks, and under them, more sub-networks. At the bottom are two local area networks with computers attached. Diagram 5 When a packet arrives at a router, the router examines the IP address put there by the IP protocol layer on the originating computer. The router checks its routing table. If the network containing the IP address is found, the packet is sent to that network. If the network containing the IP address is not found, then the router sends the packet on a default route, usually up the backbone hierarchy to the next router. Hopefully the next router will know where to send the packet. If it does not, again the packet is routed upwards until it reaches a NSP backbone. The routers connected to the NSP backbones hold the largest routing tables and here the packet will be routed to the correct backbone, where it will begin its journey ‘downward’ through smaller and smaller networks until it finds its destination. Domain Names and Address Resolution. But what if you don’t know the IP address of the computer you want to connect to? What if the you need to access a web server referred to as www. anothercomputer. com? How does your web browser know where on the Internet this computer lives? The answer to all these questions is the Domain Name Service or DNS. The DNS is a distributed database which keeps track of computer’s names and their corresponding IP addresses on the Internet. Many computers connected to the Internet host part of the DNS database and the software that allows others to access it. These computers are known as DNS servers. No DNS server contains the entire database; they only contain a subset of it. If a DNS server does not contain the domain name requested by another computer, the DNS server re-directs the requesting computer to another DNS server. Diagram 6 The Domain Name Service is structured as a hierarchy similar to the IP routing hierarchy. The computer requesting a name resolution will be re-directed ‘up’ the hierarchy until a DNS server is found that can resolve the domain name in the request. Figure 6 illustrates a portion of the hierarchy. At the top of the tree are the domain roots. Some of the older, more common domains are seen near the top. What is not shown are the multitude of DNS servers around the world which form the rest of the hierarchy? When an Internet connection is setup (e. g. for a LAN or Dial-Up Networking in Windows), one primary and one or more secondary DNS servers are usually specified as part of the installation. This way, any Internet applications that need domain name resolution will be able to function correctly. For example, when you enter a web address into your web browser, the browser first connects to your primary DNS server. After obtaining the IP address for the domain name you entered, the browser then connects to the target computer and requests the web page you wanted. The Disable DNS in Windows If you’re using Windows 95/NT and access the Internet, you may view your DNS server(s) and even disable them. If you use Dial-Up Networking: Open your Dial-Up Networking window (which can be found in Windows Explorer under your CD-ROM drive and above Network Neighborhood). Right click on your Internet connection and click Properties. Near the bottom of the connection properties window press the TCP/IP Settings†¦ button. If you have a permanent connection to the Internet: Right click on Network Neighborhood and click Properties. Click TCP/IP Properties. Select the DNS Configuration tab at the top. You should now be looking at your DNS servers’ IP addresses. Here you may disable DNS or set your DNS servers to 0. 0. 0. 0. (Write down your DNS servers’ IP addresses first. You will probably have to restart Windows as well. ) Now enter an address into your web browser. The browser won’t be able to resolve the domain name and you will probably get a nasty dialog box explaining that a DNS server couldn’t be found. However, if you enter the corresponding IP address instead of the domain name, the browser will be able to retrieve the desired web page. (Use ping to get the IP address prior to disabling DNS. ) Other Microsoft operating systems are similar. Internet protocols: As hinted to earlier in the section about protocol stacks, one may surmise that there are many protocols that are used on the Internet. This is true; there are many communication protocols required for the Internet to function. These include the TCP and IP protocols, routing protocols, medium access control protocols, application level protocols, etc. The following sections describe some of the more important and commonly used protocols on the Internet. Higher-level protocols are discussed first, followed by lower level protocols. Application Protocols: HTTP and the World Wide Web One of the most commonly used services on the Internet is the World Wide Web (WWW). The application protocol that makes the web work is Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP. Do not confuse this with the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML is the language used to write web pages. HTTP is the protocol that web browsers and web servers use to communicate with each other over the Internet. It is an application level protocol because it sits on top of the TCP layer in the protocol stack and is used by specific applications to talk to one another. In this case the applications are web browsers and web servers. HTTP is a connectionless text based protocol. Clients (web browsers) send requests to web servers for web elements such as web pages and images. After the request is serviced by a server, the connection between client and server across the Internet is disconnected. A new connection must be made for each request. Most protocols are connection oriented. This means that the two computers communicating with each other keep the connection open over the Internet. HTTP does not however. Before an HTTP request can be made by a client, a new connection must be made to the server. When you type a URL into a web browser, this is what happens: If the URL contains a domain name, the browser first connects to a domain name server and retrieves the corresponding IP address for the web server. The web browser connects to the web server and sends an HTTP request (via the protocol stack) for the desired web page. The web server receives the request and checks for the desired page. If the page exists, the web server sends it. If the server cannot find the requested page, it will send an HTTP 404 error message. (404 mean ‘Page Not Found’ as anyone who has surfed the web probably knows. ) The web browser receives the page back and the connection is closed. The browser then parses through the page and looks for other page elements it needs to complete the web page. These usually include images, applets, etc. For each element needed, the browser makes additional connections and HTTP requests to the server for each element. When the browser has finished loading all images, applets, etc.the page will be completely loaded in the browser window. Retrieving a Web Page Using HTTP: Telnet is a remote terminal service used on the Internet. Its use has declined lately, but it is a very useful tool to study the Internet. In Windows find the default telnet program. It may be located in the Windows directory named telnet. exe. When opened, pull down the Terminal menu and select Preferences. In the preferences window, check Local Echo. (This is so you can see your HTTP request when you type it. ) Now pull down the Connection menu and select Remote System. Enter www. google. com for the Host Name and 80 for the Port. (Web servers usually listen on port 80 by default. ) Press Connect. Now type GET / HTTP/1. 0 And press Enter twice. This is a simple HTTP request to a web server for its root page. You should see a web page flash by and then a dialog box should pop up to tell you the connection was lost. If you’d like to save the retrieved page, turn on logging in the Telnet program. You may then browse through the web page and see the HTML that was used to write it. Most Internet protocols are specified by Internet documents known as a Request for Comments or RFCs. RFCs may be found at several locations on the Internet. See the Resources section below for appropriate URL’s. HTTP version 1. 0 is specified by RFC 1945. Application Protocols: SMTP and Electronic Mail: Another commonly used Internet service is electronic mail. E-mail uses an application level protocol called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol or SMTP. SMTP is also a text-based protocol, but unlike HTTP, SMTP is connection oriented. SMTP is also more complicated than HTTP. There are many more commands and considerations in SMTP than there are in HTTP. When you open your mail client to read your e-mail, this is what typically happens: The mail client (Netscape Mail, Lotus Notes, Microsoft Outlook, etc.) opens a connection to its default mail server. The mail server’s IP address or domain name is typically setup when the mail client is installed. The mail server will always transmit the first message to identify itself. The client will send an SMTP HELO command to which the server will respond with a 250 OK message. Depending on whether the client is checking mail, sending mail, etc. the appropriate SMTP commands will be sent to the server, which will respond accordingly. This request/response transaction will continue until the client sends an SMTP QUIT command. The server will then say goodbye and the connection will be closed. Transmission Control Protocol: Under the application layer in the protocol stack is the TCP layer. When applications open a connection to another computer on the Internet, the messages they send (using a specific application layer protocol) get passed down the stack to the TCP layer. TCP is responsible for routing application protocols to the correct application on the destination computer. To accomplish this, port numbers are used. Ports can be thought of as separate channels on each computer. For example, you can surf the web while reading e-mail. This is because these two applications (the web browser and the mail clien.

Family Background of Edgar Sia Essay

1. * Electronic Controller uses electrical signals and digital algorithms to perform its receptive, comparative and corrective functions. is best suited for applications where large load changes are encountered and/or fast response changes are required. Trerice Electronic Controllers have full auto tuning and PID capabilities, and offer a host of available options, including user selectable inputs and ranges, outputs, setback functions, and alarms. An economical â€Å"on/off† only style is also available for simple control applications. * Electromechanical controller is a type of traffic signal controller. Despite the fact that computerized traffic signal controllers have dominated the world of traffic signal control, electromechanical traffic signal controllers are still in existence. Electromechanical controllers have been in existence for over 60 years, and they are interesting in many ways, such as how they operate, for example. An electromechanical controller is solely operated by electrical relays. Electrical relays are what provide electrical currents to the important parts that are responsible for controlling the indications of a traffic signal that the electromechanical traffic signal controller is wired to * ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER For actuating a number of electrical devices in accordance with control inputs received from a number of control input sources includes a number of optical isolators having inputs coupled to the control input sources. The optical isolators function to electrically isolate each of the control input sources from each other and to provide individual control voltages corresponding to the control inputs received from the control input sources. The outputs of the optical isolators are coupled through a user-actuable matrix switch to the coils of a number of relays which, in turn, control the electrical devices. Through various settings of the matrix switch, various ones of the electrical devices can be actuated in response to control inputs received from particular ones of the control input sources. Electrical isolation is maintained among the control input sources to avoid the development of undesirable feedbacks to the non-actuated control input sources. * Mechanical Controllers combine sensors, logic, and actuators to maintain the performance of components of a machine. Perhaps the best known is the flyball governor for a steam engine. Examples of these devices range from a thermostat that as temperature rises opens a valve to cooling water to speed controllers such the cruise control system in an automobile. The programmable logic controller replaced relays and specialized control mechanisms with a programmable computer. Servomotors that accurately position a shaft in response to an electrical command are the actuators that make robotic systems possible. 2.) * Motor control * PWM controller * DC-DC controller * Switched mode power supply a) SWITCH is an electrical component that can break anelectrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.[1][2] The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanicaldevice with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either â€Å"closed† meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or â€Å"open†, meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is nonconducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can be either a â€Å"toggle† (flip switch for continuous â€Å"on† or â€Å"off†) or â€Å"momentary† (push-for â€Å"on† or push-for â€Å"off†) type. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting assensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be padlocked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock. An ideal switch would have no voltage drop when closed, and would have no limits on voltage or current rating. It would have zero rise time and fall time during state changes, and would change state without â€Å"bouncing† between on and off positions. Practical switches fall short of this ideal; they have resistance, limits on the current and voltage they can handle, finite switching time, etc. The ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly simplifies the system of equations to be solved, however this can lead to a less accurate solution. Theoretical treatment of the effects of non-ideal properties is required in the design of large networks of switches, as for example used in telephone exchanges. b) RELAY is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to pro tect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called â€Å"protective relays†. c) COIL is formed when a conductor (usually an insulated solid copper wire) is wound around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it generates heat. One loop of wire is usually referred to as aturn, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in an electronic circuit, electrical connectionterminals called taps are often connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with taps is often called a winding. A transformer is an electromagnetic device that has aprimary winding and a secondary winding that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by inductive coupling without moving parts. The term tickler coil usually refers to a feedback coil, which is often the third coil placed in relation to a primary coil and secondary coil. A coil tap is a wiring feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors and coil pickups, all of which are sets of wire coils. The coil tap(s) are points in a wire coil where a conductive patch has been exposed (usually on a loop of wire that extends out of the main coil body). As self induction is larger for larger coil diameter the current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal use of copper is achieved by foils. Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better alternative. Multilayer coils have the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when multiple layers are needed the shape needs to be radically changed to a short coil with many layers so that the voltage between consecutive layers is smaller (making them more spiral like).

Seven events that shaped the New Testament world Essay

The conviction of the group that Jesus comes in contact with when at Matthew’s is that â€Å"one who claims to be holy should not have dinner with tax collectors and sinners.† In those ancient times, tax collectors were perceived a bad lot that was made up of sinners. To the Pharisees who thought of themselves as the holy lot, associating or even talking to tax collectors was an abomination. They identified themselves as the only holy people and the most clean spiritually and thus could not associate with sinners. Their group was made of the Pharisees and anybody who did contrary to their beliefs was considered unholy (Carter, 2013). Some of the people whom they did not associate with were the sick, prostitutes and the tax collectors. The sick were considered unholy because the Pharisees believed that sickness was caused by sins, prostitution was a condemnation because it was a sin and the tax collectors were considered sinners because of their couth ways of collecting taxes. Jesus came to make the wrongs right, He thus does complete opposite of what the Pharisees believed in. This brings a lot of misunderstandings between Jesus and the Pharisees because they care most about maintaining their religious holiness than reaching out to those in need of being whole again, that is, without sins or diseases as a result of their preaching and works of mercy to those in need (Holy Bible, 2007). In the text, at its most basic, the conflict between Jesus and the leaders is about doing against the set religious rules. The rule that Jesus breaks in this context is that a holy person should not eat from the same table with sinners. In this case, Jesus was eating together with Matthew in his place and Matthew is a tax collector. This is so because tax collectors were not only disreputable sinners but also were considered as spies of the Romans against their associated Jews. Nobody loved any man who worked at the levy office. Thus, they lived a secluded life like outcasts in their own community. Matthew sought to bring his old acquaintances to hear the Christ. After his calling, he now understands how powerful the grace of Christ was and would like his fellow tax collectors to experience the same. This portrays that the ones who have an experience with the Christ develops a desire that others be brought to him to have the same experience. As Jesus points out, those who think that their souls are not ailing do not long for a spiritual physician (Holy Bible, 2007). This was a direct hit to the Jews since they could not understand that Jesus, as John the Baptist said, was coming to heal the sick, to cleanse the sinners and to give hope to those who were in despair. Jesus demonstrated that he came for all by incorporating all in His teachings and day to day encounters but the Jewish despised Him because they held a view that they are whole. The that the poor publicans and sinners felt that they were in need of amendment and instruction but could not get it from the Pharisees and that is why Jesus kept them close to make them whole against. This was a regular cause of misunderstanding between him and the Jews (Holy Bible, 2007). There are several things we need to know about the historical world to understand the conflict between Jesus and the leaders at the Matthew’s. First, the Jewish people out rightly regarded tax collectors as conspirators because they worked for the Roman regime, and had the power of Roman militaries behind them so as to brutally compel people to pay levies. They were most eminent traitors with Roman regime (Carter, 2013). Secondly, Jewish regarded tax collectors to be extortionists because they kept everything they collected. Since tax collectors bid for a contractor to collect taxes in particular areas, the Romans gave the contracts to the person with the highest bid. The bidder would collect levies, give the Roman Empire what he had promised and would keep the rest. Therefore, there were many instances where the tax collectors levied high taxes and cheating with any opportunity they found so as to amass as much money as they could. For them, this was a business with wholesome profit making as they deemed necessary (Holy Bible, 2007). Thirdly, when a Jew got into the duties’ service, he was considered a cast away from the society. He was banned as a judge or an eye witness in a law court hearing, was barred from the synagogue and in the face of the public, his discredit prolonged to his kinfolks. This shows how bad the Jews hated the tax-leviers to an extent of considering them sinners, an abomination in the society and this hatred protracted to their family. Their grounds on which this kind of hate was based were genuine no wonder they were so bitter on Jesus when he associated with sinners and even went to an extent of dinning with them (Kraybill, 2003). The bone of contention here is the cause of misunderstanding between Jesus and the Jewish. What the Jewish do not seem to understand is that Jesus had come to make right that which is wrong. The knowing of the above past practices informs me in several ways in the process of reading the Matthew gospel. First, I now understand that the Jews were real fanatics of their religious dogmas. They highly valued conformation to their religious practices with an aim of staying clean and straight. Secondly, I now understand that every misunderstanding between Jesus and the Jews had a cause and it had something to do with a contradiction of the Jewish existing religious doctrines. Lastly, the misunderstandings were always eminent between Jesus and the Jewish religious leaders because the Jews were not ready to accept the purpose for the coming of Christ. If only they understood, they would have compromised to accommodate His teachings (Carter, 2013). References Carter, W. (2013).Seven events that shaped the New Testament world. Holy Bible: NRSV, New Revised Standard Version. (2007). New York: Harper Bibles. Kraybill, D. (2003). The upside-down kingdom.Scottdale, Pa.: Herald Press. Source document