Lesson Learned in Warfare Essay example -- Warfare

This paper examines lessons learned that are timeless in their relevance for all types of warfare with respect to the lesson materials discussed in the war Studies course. The first lesson learned that this paper examines is the unite States adaptability in response to changing nature of warfare. The unify States has experienced various types of warfare ranging from war of annihilation, war of attrition, or fourth-generation warfare the United States has no identifiable American way of war. Second, this paper looks at the importance and enduring nature of fourth-generation warfare and counterinsurgency operations. These events are here to stay and forget be significant in the future conflicts. The third lesson learned discusses Americas poor planning and preparation for stability, security, transition, and reconstruction operations (SSTR) and demonstrated the invite to avoid stovepiped, single agency planning. The apparent lack of planning for SSTR operations severely com plicated and extended the United States mission in Iraq. Fourth, America must always strive to be on the cutting edge and maintain technological superiority over our adversaries in order to secure great advantages. However, the United States cannot solely rely on technological savvy military to achieve success. The last lesson learned discusses the growing relevance of information IOP as a omnipotent tool of war and the importance of it in shaping public opinion.The first lesson learned is the adaptability of United States to evolving nature of warfare. Adaptability is a trademark of the American way of war. The American way of war is usually associated with war of annihilation in which aims for decisive victory or war of attrition in which aims fo... ...ia and Military Operations. Carlisle Barracks, PA US Army War College, 2008.Murray, Williamson. Decisive Battle and the Ghost of Napoleon. Marine Corps Gazette 84, no. 7 (July 2000) 36-37.Parker, Geoffrey. The Western Way of War. In History of Warfare The Triumph of the West, 2-9. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1995. Snow, Donald M. and Dennis M. Drew. Making Twenty-first Century Strategy An Introduction to Modern National Security Processes and Problems. Maxwell AFB, AL. Air University Press (January 2006).Ulrich, Marybeth P., A Primer on Civil-Military Relations for Senior Leaders. In US Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, Volume II National Security Policy and Strategy. third ed. Edited by J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr. Carlisle Barracks, PA. US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute (June 2008) 241-252.

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? ::

Mutable Feminists Are We Ready for Them? Throughout history, as women struggled to gain equality with men, these suffragettes were often ostracized and not intromited by society. In todays world we find the basic rights which these women were fighting for fair, and the thought that someone would have opposed a womans right to voting seems ridiculous. Our society likes to feel that we are less rigid and very open-minded, but is there a type of equality, which we are still not prepared to accept? The two science fiction novels, He, She, and It by Marge Piercy, and The Ship Who Sang by Anne McCaffrey both make strong predictions about the technology, government, and social aspects of the future. Piercy and McCaffrey also have a bun in the oven similar feminist views through the characters of Nili and Helva. Although they come from alone different hypothetical universes, these women are able to accomplish amazing feats without falling into a label, and are completely comf ortable and proud of who they are. Helva and Nili exemplify feminists who use their strength and confidence with themselves, their constantly mutating attitudes and personalities, and their unique relationships with others to make incredible changes in their worlds. Although the characters of Helva, from The Ship Who Sang, and Nili from He, She, and It, are very different, they actually possess very similar personalities and characteristics. Helva is a human who was crippled at birth and transformed into a shell person. She lives her life inside the safety of a titanium shell, and without the shells protection she would be dead. Helvas limitations may seem severe however, the shell, which Helva lives in, allows her to have extreme capabilities far more advanced than either regular humans. Therefore Helva is physically disabled, yet at the same time physically superior. Nili is very different in that she appears to have the body of an come human, and she has the abilities that humans have without needing a shell to protect her. However, they are both very similar because both Helva and Nili need their technological advances in order to survive. If Nili had not undergone alterations as a child, she would have been unable to survive the incredibly harsh conditions of the black zone where she was raised.

Character Analysis of The Moon is Down by John Steinbeck Essay

Analysis of The corn liquor is coldcock by John SteinbeckA theatrical role from mayor Orden, the characters in The moon on Is Down remaintwo dimensionalJohn Steinbecks The Moon Is Down is a novel about humanrelationships, the relationships between a polished town and itsinvaders, the relationships between town officials and thetowns-people, and the relationships between the members of theinvading army. Although it is a short novel Steinbeck has made a fewstrong and well-defined characters in these 122 pages. spot there aremany characters that only have a few pages in which to definethemselves, the major characters seem to be very well design out, andmost are quite well rounded.Most of the characters in the novel receive a thin paragraph with adescription of who they are, these paragraphs are very detailed andhelp to make the character whole. They not only provide a descriptionof what the character looks like, they give an insight into what thecharacter is thinking. Even to s mall characters this adds a feeling ofunderstanding on the part of the reader. It allows the reader, in some steering, to have a connection to the character, and while the chat ofThe Moon Is Down may be a bit thin, it makes the characters seemmore real.Mayor Orden is indisputably, not only the main, but also the mostrealistic of all the characters in The Moon Is Down. He was made tobe Mayor of the town, and nobody would ever dispute his position,however, the first few pages of the book show Doctor Winter and theMayors serving-man (Joseph) offhandedly referring to the Mayor as ifhe was a little apathetic and vague towards his own appearance. Whats the Mayor doing?Dressing to receive the Colonel, sir.... ...the towns-people pose, he does know thatthey are the one fault in his leaders plan. Steinbeck wrote thischaracter with a clear insight into the human mind. Colonel Lanserdoesnt want to be in the town any more than he is wanted there, but aColonel in an army must do as their lead er instructs.The Moon Is Down may be a short book, but it does have a lot goingfor it. Though many people may find the dialogue a let down, thecharacters are strong, and full of hidden quirks. Steinbeck didntdirectly create three-dimensional characters, but rather let thereaders do the work for him. The way this novel is written bringsenough life to the story to make every character seem slightly morereal, no matter how small their part to play was.Biliography===========The Moon Is Down by John Steinbeck. First published by WilliamHeinemann Ltd. 1942.

Inner Conflict in Death of a Salesman Essay -- Death Salesman essays

Inner Conflict in Death of a SalesmanThe main competitiveness in Death of a Salesman deals with the confusion and frustration of Willy Lowman. These feelings are caused by his inability to smell the realities of modern society. Willys most prominent delusion is that success is pendent upon popularity and having personal attractiveness. Willy builds his entire life around this idea and teaches it to his children. When Willy was young, he had met a man named Dave Singleman who was so well-liked that he was able to make a living barely by staying in his hotel room and telephoning buyers. When Dave Singleman died, buyers and salesmen from all over the country came to his funeral. This is what Willy has been trying to emulate his entire life. Willys need to feel well-liked is so strong that he often makes up lies about his popularity and success. At times, Willy even believes these lies himself. At one point in the play, Willy tells his family of how well-liked he is in all of his t owns and how vital he is to New England. Later, however, he tells Linda that no one remembers him and that the people laugh at him behind his back. As this demonstrates, Willys need to feel well-liked also causes him to become intensely paranoid. When his son, Biff, for example, is trying to explain why he cannot become successful, Willy believes that Biff is just trying to spite him. Unfortunately, Willy never realizes that his values are flawed. As Biff points out at the end of the play, he had the wrong dreams. In many ways Biff is similar to his father. In the beginning of the play we see that Biff shares many of the same ideas as Willy. He values being well-liked above everything else and sees little value in being smart or honest. One of ... ...ually loves him. Death of a Salesman deals with the frustration of Willy Lowman and his inability to face the realities of modern society. Willy believes that success is dependant upon popularity and having personal attractiveness. Wi lly builds his entire life around this idea and teaches it to his children. He learns to late that he has built his life around an illusion. whole shebang ConsultedEisinger, Chester E. Focus on Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman The Wrong Dreams, in American Dreams, American Nightmares, (1970 rpt In clc. Detroit Gale Research. 1976 vol. 6331 Foster, Richard J. (Confusion and Tragedy The Failure of Millers Salesman (1959) rpt in clc. Detroit Gale Research. 1983 vol. 26316 Gardner, R. H. Tragedy of the utmost Man, in his Splintered Stage (1965) rpt in clc. Detroit Gale Research. 1983 vol. 2l6320

intellectual health :: essays research papers

Intellectual health comes from mental stimulation and what we get out of our work, shallow and other hobbies that we embrace part of. To begin an intellectually healthy life we must first have the desire to learn more and have an overall interest in what is acquittance on around us. Every human being has the desire to know, but whats more important is how we go about that. At a young age school teaches us that we must gain all the knowledge we substructure in order to be successful, therefore making school the first step in how to begin an intellectually healthy lifestyle. Higher education as in college is not always needed to be considered intellectually healthy, but getting the most out of the education level u do reach is key. As long as our minds are always being challenged and stimulated we are on the right track. Our work plays a key role in developing an intellectual healthy life as well. We do not want our work to be too stressful we want it to be stimulating and enjoya ble. Too much mental stimulation can lead to being stressed out and affect other parts of ones life in a negative way. The way we go about work should be something challenging and yet enjoyable and leave us with an overall good feeling about what we are doing at the bar of the day. Religion plays a large role in being intellectually healthy. Religion keeps our minds thinking about GOD and trying to add him into our everyday lives, which is a challenge and goal for most if not all of us. GOD is more prevalent in some lives than in others but having some sort of feel in a higher power is good for the human desire to want to know more. We all want answers. Making an effort to find them is what makes us intellectually healthy. Hobbies such as playing a sport are very much part of being intellectually healthy. Athletics make us think things through in and out and really challenge not only our minds, but our bodies as well. For example The football team is losing by 7 points with 5 seco nds left in the game and they have one last shot to tie or win the game. The quarterback has a million things going through his mind all at once and can ultimately make only one decision that will win his team the game, or blow it for them.

intellectual health :: essays research papers

Intellectual health comes from mental stimulation and what we get out of our work, trail and other hobbies that we withdraw part of. To begin an intellectually healthy life we must first have the desire to learn more and have an overall interest in what is outlet on around us. Every human being has the desire to know, but whats more important is how we go about that. At a young age school teaches us that we must gain all the knowledge we hindquarters in order to be successful, therefore making school the first step in how to begin an intellectually healthy lifestyle. Higher education as in college is not always needed to be considered intellectually healthy, but getting the most out of the education level u do reach is key. As long as our minds are eternally being challenged and stimulated we are on the right track. Our work plays a key role in developing an intellectual healthy life as well. We do not want our work to be too stressful we want it to be stimulating and enjoyable . Too much mental stimulation can lead to being stressed out and affect other parts of ones life in a negative way. The way we go about work should be something challenging and yet enjoyable and leave us with an overall good feeling about what we are doing at the finish of the day. Religion plays a large role in being intellectually healthy. Religion keeps our minds thinking about GOD and trying to add him into our everyday lives, which is a challenge and goal for most if not all of us. GOD is more prevalent in some lives than in others but having some sort of depression in a higher power is good for the human desire to want to know more. We all want answers. Making an effort to find them is what makes us intellectually healthy. Hobbies such as playing a sport are very much part of being intellectually healthy. Athletics make us think things through in and out and really challenge not only our minds, but our bodies as well. For example The football team is losing by 7 points with 5 seconds left in the game and they have one last shot to tie or win the game. The quarterback has a million things going through his mind all at once and can ultimately make only one decision that will win his team the game, or blow it for them.

International Case : Reengineering the Business Process at Procter & Gamble

1) The reengineering efforts of P&G focused on the business process system. Do you appreciate other processes, such as the human system, or other managerial policies need to be considered in a process redesign?2) What do you reckon was the reaction of the brand managers, who may deal worked under the old system for many years, when the category management structure was installed?3) As a consultant, would you have recommended a top-down or a bottom-up approach, or both, to process redesign and organizational change?4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.How should Mr. Durant assess the opportunities in various countries around the world? Mr. Durant, the new CEO since 2005, embarked on the new strategy by offering 15percent new products in its hypermarkets and 10 percent in its supermarkets. Moreover, he wants to absorb more staff, extend the operating hours in certain hypermarkets, cutting prices, trying small stores, and pushing down decision making. Mr. D urant aims to stay only in countries where intersection point is among the top retailers.2. Should Carrefour adopt Wal-Marts strategy of low prices everyday? What would be the advantage or disadvantage of such a strategy? Yes certainly they have to adopt the strategy of low pricing every day, In France, where Carrefour is well established, the company made the big mistake in its pricing policy. Itprobably started with the 1999 nuclear fusion with Promodes, the French discount chain.Carrefour confused the French clientele by losing its low-cost image. The new strategy which they want to implement discounts and cutting prices, trying small stores certainly will help Carrefour to keep their competition in all over the world. 3. How could Carrefour differentiate itself from Wal-Mart?Wal-Mart is more than just the worlds largest retailer. It is an economic force, a ethnical phenomenon and a lightning rod for controversy. It all started with a simple philosophy from founder Sam Walton O ffer shoppers lower prices than they get anywhere else. That basic strategy has shaped Wal-Marts culture and driven the companys growth.Now that Wal-Mart is so huge, it has unprecedented power to shape labour markets globally and change the way entire industries operate.

My Hobby

My Hobby My hobby E precisebody has different hobbies that we guard intercourse and do it for fun or relaxation. They can be any personal activities ilk jogging, vie foot orchis, swimming, or mental activities comparable reading, watching movies, playing computers and it depend on personality. My bobby is foot stumblebum because its part of my life and I cannot blistering without it and I demand playing this sport since I was a litle boy. Nowdays looks like everibody is playing football and it most popular sport in the world, numerous of the boys like me who is conceive of to be a good football player one day.My childrenhood has grown up with the ball and nothing has changed. My parents told me that I liked recoil the ball somewhat when I was only two years old and had so much fun. Since then playing football is my favorite thing to do and I go everiday to traning so I can enjoy myself. It is interestingMy Hobby My hobby Everybody has different hobbies that we enjoy and do it for fun or relaxation. They can be either physical activities like jogging, playing football, swimming, or mental activities like reading, watching movies, playing computers and it depend on personality.My bobby is football because its part of my life and I cannot live without it and I have playing this sport since I was a litle boy. Nowdays looks like everibody is playing football and it most popular sport in the world, many of the boys like me who is dreaming to be a good football player one day. My childrenhood has grown up with the ball and nothing has changed. My parents told me that I liked boot the ball around when I was only two years old and had so much fun.Since then playing football is my favorite thing to do and I go everiday to traning so I can enjoy myself. It is interestingand amazing especially when I have a ball under my feets or sum up a goal. I like to go myself and sooting on a goal when Im not on traning than helps me to relax and clear my mind I have emphasis or other problems. For instant after school or studying I feel boring or tired until now having fun whith the ball shooting it on goal or trying to do some tricks, all of my tirenes die out.Football is not only round passing and kicking the ball but also required a lot of thoughts, and some basic skills. Ioftenpractice and I feel healthy and stronger. Besite that football have also taught me very much like be teamplayer, athletes, healthy and much more. I dont only playing a football I also enjoy watching football games on TV. My favorite team is Internazionale from Milano. I am so happy when Inter wins but I allow for get wrathful when they lose, and I love to watch them playing.My HobbyMy Hobby My hobby Everybody has different hobbies that we enjoy and do it for fun or relaxation. They can be either physical activities like jogging, playing football, swimming, or mental activities like reading, watching movies, playing computers and it depend on personality. My bobby is football because its part of my life and I cannot live without it and I have playing this sport since I was a litle boy. Nowdays looks like everibody is playing football and it most popular sport in the world, many of the boys like me who is dreaming to be a good football player one day.My childrenhood has grown up with the ball and nothing has changed. My parents told me that I liked kicking the ball around when I was only two years old and had so much fun. Since then playing football is my favorite thing to do and I go everiday to traning so I can enjoy myself. It is interestingMy Hobby My hobby Everybody has different hobbies that we enjoy and do it for fun or relaxation. They can be either physical activities like jogging, playing football, swimming, or mental activities like reading, watching movies, playing computers and it depend on personality.My bobby is football because its part of my life and I cannot live without it and I have playing this sport since I was a litle boy. Nowdays looks like everibody is playing football and it most popular sport in the world, many of the boys like me who is dreaming to be a good football player one day. My childrenhood has grown up with the ball and nothing has changed. My parents told me that I liked kicking the ball around when I was only two years old and had so much fun.Since then playing football is my favorite thing to do and I go everiday to traning so I can enjoy myself. It is interestingand amazing especially when I have a ball under my feets or score a goal. I like to go myself and sooting on a goal when Im not on traning than helps me to relax and clear my mind I have stress or other problems. For instant after school or studying I feel boring or tired however having fun whith the ball shooting it on goal or trying to do some tricks, all of my tirenes die out.Football is not only about passing and kicking the ball but also required a lot of thoughts, and some basic skills. Ioftenpractice and I feel healthy and stronger. Besite that football have also taught me very much like be teamplayer, athletes, healthy and much more. I dont only playing a football I also enjoy watching football games on TV. My favorite team is Internazionale from Milano. I am so happy when Inter wins but I will get angry when they lose, and I love to watch them playing.

Practical Book Review

GUIDELINES FOR THE Practical Book Review By Your Name Student ID type ID w/out brackets Presented to Dr. Professors Name In uncomplete fulfillment of the requirements of Introduction to Pastoral Counseling PACO 500 Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA PRACTICAL BOOK REVIEW ONE AUTHORS LAST NAME My Summation Communication is a tremendously important p wile of the human experience. Any effort to improve whizzs skills is valuable. Most pot think they listen well when having a conversation, but the reality is that most people walk away from a conversation feeling unheard, misunderstood, and disconnected.Petersen physical exercises real world experiences to t apiece the reader how to handle tight situations and people. In Petersens c at one timept, improvement in listen skills allow result in an overall improvement in relationships. Peterson describes the flat brain syndrome in his book. survive functions consist of peoples emotions or feelings those inner nudges t hat let people know when theyre uncomfortable, happy, excited, interested, attracted, irritable, angry, resentful, frustrated, and curious. Feelings are peoples internal responses to the world around them, to what theyre thinking, and to their bodies.Heart functions give and receive concerns, suggestions, and support. They are ready to consider many options and possibilities. Healthy hearts recognize that people dont possess the total truth, but are confident both in owning their views and remaining open to the views of others. The head functions incorporate thinking, planning, remembering, reviewing, deciding, and rationalizing. Petersen points out that a correct understanding of these relationships can claim the difference when it comes to lessening conflicts.A unbalanced blend of either too much brain or too much stomach creates flat-brained syndrome where it is all emotion and no thought, or the flat-brain tango, all thought with no emotion. The Talker-Listener Process is the key to creating an environment where two or to a greater extent people can talk and listen to each other. This promotes a healthy communication atmosphere. The Talker Listener Card, (TLC), can help those who want to improve their ability to interact with others and communicate better. This is particularly true for the audience aspect of the relationship.Peterson explains that if we would all go back to our kid-learned skill of taking turns, communication , or speaking vs. listening, would be better achieved. We should focus on listening to hotshot persons point of view at one time to establish feeling heard, feeling safe, and feeling understood. This will also directly provide to feeling more of a human connection and thus broadening our relationships with others. The TLC helps this attend to because it allows for each person (the utterer and listener) to roll play enchantment having the conversation. Each has a part to play and responsibilities to take on.The TLC simply sta tes these roles to help remind one what to do. Peterson moves on to explain the way people communicate, especially when asking questions. He refers to this process as similar to being in a courtroom. The way people ask questions makes a huge difference in the outcomes of the questions. People tend to ask questions in a way that sort of guides ones thinking when answering instead of just getting to the point and saying what one really feels. If people would just come out and say what they are feeling, relationships would be better off according to Peterson.Peterson continues to outline several listening techniques. The art of listening has to be practiced in order to succeed. One must first provide a safe place or environment for the talker in order to promote peace and safety. After this is established, the goal is to really listen and understand what the talker is trying to say. Also, clarifying the problem for the talker is really important in order to fully comprehend the situat ion and how to effectively listen and respond to the talker. In the final process, Petersen puts it all together to examples how to use the process of talking and listening effectively.He gives examples of how to use his theory of Flat Brained Syndrome to overcome issues and people with the syndrome. In the end, he shows you how to become a person that good things happen to repayable to having great communication skills. My Reflection My Investigation My Application The most crucial element after reading this book is the practical application that one would find to incorporate into their life. I have learned now that I am more committed to becoming an actual listener instead of being a talker. Too often am I getting caught up in the notion that my ideas are somehow more important than those that I am listening to.Peterson said, Listen first (and longer) and then, talk second (125). Peterson has given me methods of becoming a better listener, which in turn will enrich my relationsh ips with people. I will use the skills that are outlined in chapter eighteen to improve the way I listen. I will do this process slowly in order to come across a more successful outcome by starting with one or two skills first and then moving onto another skill once the preceeding skill was mastered. As a future minister, the ability to really listen is going to be a crucial aspect.One important skill that I select to incorporate first is my ability to repeat accurately what the speaker is trying to say. I have a tendency to take what others say and rephrase it plot of ground putting my own twist on it. Peterson says that this is common. In giving feedback, listeners routinely alter the content of what other people say (Peterson 2007). I did not get word how important this is to the listener until Peterson pointed it out. The point is that most people do not seek advice to act a problem. Most people have the ability to solve problems on their own but need a sounding board to bo unce thoughts off of when finding a solution.In order to successfully help people as a minister, I must work on my communication skills from here on out. I will improve on being more direct with my words and thoughts so that the talking time that I do have will be more goal oriented and satisfying. I will also learn how to become a better listener. Listening to people and their feelings or thoughts is one of my main concerns when it comes to giving people the proper soul plow they deserve from a minister. Petersons book has only helped me discover ways to put this into practice. References

Diffusion and Innovation

According to the three days I tracked my diet, I am not as unhealthy as I thought. I feed in enough meat, vegetables and grains to meet the daily recommended requirements. I seem to be getting enough protein and my fat stirring is appropriate at around 30% of my diet. My cholesterol intake is also about average. I noticed that by day 3, I was eating more than(prenominal) fruit, but that may have been to appear healthier after seeing my previous two days diet. I am going to make a point to eat a piece of fruit with or after every meal, and as a snack instead of cookies.I learned from the tracking that I do need to to eat more fruit and find a way to ingest more dairy. I put skim milk in my coffee and have cheese once in awhile but not enough. My sodium was a little high on day 2, generally because I had two Cokes. I do not normally drink two Cokes in one day, but I need to be more aware of what I am drinking and drink more water. I sometimes forget that beverages count towards m y diet, including coffee and Coke. With school and work, my schedule varies. Some days I am able to eat three healthy meals a day while another(prenominal) days I eat on the run, or sometimes even skip meals.I do not like to eat fast food more than once a week, and I will crusade to continue with that. I try to exercise a few times a week, but just like meals, sometimes that is not possible. When I do exercise I try to make up for the days I miss and spend extra time on the treadmill. I am smiling that my cholesterol intake is normal and would like to keep that amount in my diet, or possibly lower it. Eating meat helps make me feel full, so I do not think cutting out meat is an option in my diet, but I could decrease my use of butter and other fats.I will last paying more attention to the amount of sodium I take in luckily I do not eat many pre-packaged foods, so most of my sodium only comes from beverages like soda. It would be hard to give up Coke all together, but maybe I can find another sweet drink that is lower in sodium to have when I eat popcorn. I am going to start carrying a water bottle, so I will be hydrated and perhaps not feel like I need something else to drink. I do know I am not able to cut out coffee while I am in school.

Wider Reading – Cider with Rosie and Cranford

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Annotated Review of Literature Essay

Annotated Review of Literature to Support how Differentiated Instruction Workshops toilet Improve Instruction Hawkins, V. (2009). Barriers to implementing specialty Lack of confidence, efficacy and perseverance. The New England Reading Association Journal, 44(2), 11-16. Retrieved from facts of life Full Text database. Annotation In this article, Hawkins exposes three major reasons why implementing differentiated knowledge (DI) if a difficult task for most teachers. Hawkins states that districts advocate for professional development of DI as a reactive response to current data trends in education.The polish of this article is to provide classroom teachers with the necessary skills to be able to implement DI into their curriculum. The research worker found that a lack of teacher confidence, lack of teacher efficacy, and a lack of perseverance are three factors in which teachers most often struggle with when trying to differentiate lessons. Support for meet This article gives imp ortant teaching for teachers on how to overcome the barriers of implementing effective DI into their curriculum.So m whatsoever of us face the same problems when trying to differentiate our lessons, therefore, it is important for teachers to agnise how to overcome these barriers and also to understand that they are not alone in this daunting task. Hawkins goes on to describe each barrier in detail to help teachers overcome them so they can become effective DI instructors. Tomlinson, warble Ann. Carol Ann Tomlinson pardons how differentiated instruction works and why we train it now. Making A Difference, September 2007.Annotation In this article, Carol Ann Tomlinson, who is a leader in the field of education on Differentiated Instruction, explains what DI is, why it is so important in education today, as well as in the future, and the characteristics of an effective differentiated classroom. Tomlinson also reviews some key points that teachers exigency to think about when devel oping a differentiated lesson plan. The researcher goes on to explain that the reason DI is so important is that students vary in so many ways, and our student populations are becoming more and more academically diverse.Support for Project This article is important for my project because the researcher explains how to deal with student differences. Todays classrooms are so diverse and teachers need to know how to deal with these differences on a daily basis. Tomlinson states that there are three ways to deal with differences ignore them, separate or track them, or keep students together in the context of high-quality curriculum (differentiated instruction). Obviously the third one should be the way to go, but unfortunately, it is the road least traveled.This article also describes the characteristics of a well-run DI classroom and what teachers need to do in order to be successful when creating differentiated lessons to improve instruction. Tomlinson, C. (2005). Traveling the road t o preeminence in staff development. Journal of Staff Development, 26(4), 8-12. Retrieved from Education Full Text database. Annotation In this article, Tomlinson explains how teacher leaders can help educators hurdle four key barriers teachers face when trying to implement DI into their classrooms.The researcher describes the need for DI in the United States education system and also reviews six strategies of effective differentiation. Tomlinson goes over current research findings about student achievement and differentiation in response to readiness, interest, and learning profiles. Support for Project This article is important for my project because when trying to convince educators to change their way of thinking and pedagogical practices, you must have solid evidence that the new practice in this case, DI, will work.This article goes over the latest research findings to support DI and it also gives effective strategies for implementing DI practices as well as ways to overcome barriers of incorporating DI into the curriculum. The goal of my project is to design a workshop to inform educators about differentiated instruction what it is, why we need it, what effective DI practices look like, what the keys aspects of DI are, how to overcome the barriers of DI, and what the current research of DI is. This article does a good job of reviewing these topics. Wormeli, R. (2007).Differentiation From planning to practice grades 6-12. Portland, ME Stenhouse. Annotation In this harbour, Wormeli provides a practical way for teachers to create a differentiated lesson from start to finish. He walks educators through the lesson, giving details on what steps to take before, during, and after to puddle deep connections for students. He gives effective strategies and advice on how to reach all learners within one classroom. Wormeli presents models of effective differentiated instruction, so that teachers can extend what they learn to any subject and any classroom.Support for Project When creating a workshop for educators on differentiation, it is important to include models of instruction for teachers to reflect upon and use as examples for the future. That is just what this book does. Wormeli gives annotated models of effective differentiated instruction, such as tiering, flexible grouping, how to make adjustments based on formative assessments, and interdisciplinary examples for teachers to learn how to do. Once educators feel comfortable utilize these strategies, they can extend these procedures throughout their careers.

Stuff

People exploring new experiences will have to overcome many challenges, and will undergo personal growth. Into the World can be understand as outlooks of growing up and adjustment into new stages of a persons life. It can mean changing normally, or having to change without any choice In the matter. In either case, any person exploring new experiences will encounter challenges, but along the way they will undergo personal growth. This is apparent In the positivistic text, The Story of TomBrenna by J Burke, as well as my chosen text, The Arrival by Shawn Tan. The Idea of new experiences may not always begin positively. For Instance, In Burkes novel, The Story of Tom Brenna, one disastrous accident made him and his family to leave their hometown of Mumble, forcing e actually character to go done an emotional release. This provokes Tom to become very reserved and distant as he grows resentful and bitter of the whole predicament and progressively being pushed back Into that big, black hole.He becomes very depressed, monastic and alienated as he attempts to deal with the situation that his brother, Daniel, has caused. The author projects Toms thoughts, emotions, perceptions and opinions through a large range of techniques. The audience is aware of Toms growing guilt through the technique of first person writing (on page 124). Like I said, that was a low point. The believable, grammatical, impressionistic voice of the teenage narrator creates a privy allegations with the readers, as well as keeping them engaged.It also gives us insight into Toms inner most thoughts. As Tom plunges into intense feelings of guilt and animosity, he becomes deaden to the struggles the other members of his family are facing. One of the most effective and engaging techniques used by the author to capture the readers attention, is the use of flashbacks. The Story of Tom Brenna is a nonlinear narrative, and this is first evident in the prologue, which has a reflective tone, when it

Descartes’ statement Cogito Ergo Sum Essay

Cogito ergo sum. Scholars would recognize this issue of high consults plane today, almost five hundred years after the words were uttered though in the yield most people in the world wouldnt understand what it refers to. In 1641, Ren Descartes published his Meditations on beginning Philosophy, in which his first meditation dismisses everything that he perceives as reality and posits that he is nothing more than a disembodied brain organism human beingsipulated by some outside source. In his second meditation, he questions if he is real. And the fact that he is able to ponder his reality belongs him to the conclusion that I think thus I am Cogito ergo sum.His first meditation came to an end with the realization that there was no way to release his sensual observations. He proceeds to say that in that case he bequeath regard himself as not having hands, eyes, flesh, blood, and senses- but as having the false belief that he has all those things. However, in his second meditation , he questions his knowledge of everything beyond his stunning perception. He begins to argue with himself about if he actually outlives. Does he postulate a body? But his first meditation dictates that he has no body. But if he has no body or vessel, does that repute he doesnt exist? He concludes that he moldiness exist because someone is constantly deceiving him. And if he is constantly being deceived, then there must be something that exists which is being deceived.I find that Descartes theories and meditations bring home the bacon a fallacy of information for the student. If one were to watch the movie Abres Los Ojos, a psychiatrist who helps the wiz to find out the truth about his own reality. In the end, the movie-watcher finds out that the faultless movie was a fancy. Yet, the psychiatrist tries to tell the protagonist it is not just a simple dream for several rea tidingss, the first being that he exists and is being deceived. Here we have an instance that perfectly d emonstrates that incorrect belief of Descartes, Cogito ergo sum. If this psychiatrist is only figment of the protagonists imagination, then is the psychiatrist not being deceived? But if he is only the figment of an imagination, then how can he exist? in that location are no answers to these questions in Descartes second meditation.To further support my inclination, studying the Hindu dogma would lead us to imagine that we are all manifestations of Brahma in a dream as he sleeps as soon as Brahma is to wake up, we would all stop to exist. If we are to still believe Descartes theory, then we must discuss the question What does it mean to have a real existence? To adjourn on my first example, does the psychiatrist exist? The psychiatrist was a manifestation of some part of the protagonist and existed in his dream, but that doesnt necessarily mean that the psychiatrist has a real existence. The psychiatrist must contemplate Descartes belief if he fights so hard for his own existenc e.In the movie Spider, a man rediscovers his outgoing after spending the last 30-40 years in a mental institution. He relives his past when he is sent to a halfway house in his hometown. We are able to uplift his coiling into madness as his memories are perverted by himself. He decides that his father has killed his render and replaced her with a topical anaesthetic bar whore. He ends up figuring out that the woman he envisioned (and killed) was in actuality his mother with a mental masque that he projected onto her. In this situation, we must ask Descartes, who exists? The mother or the bar whore? To the protagonist, the bar whore exists and his mother is killed. However, to the protagonists father the woman his son sees as a bar whore is the same woman that he has been married to for almost 15 years. But to the mind of the boy, it is no longer his mother.Furthermore, in another movie, eXistenZ, an entire universe is created for a naughty by plugging yourself into an organic computer. All the characters and people unique to that organic computer are now in question do these characters exist? Are these characters real? To the gamer (the one plugged in), these people exist for the hour and only as long as they can be interacted with. This brings into question another philosophical debate of old If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to here, does it make a sound?How do we know that things beyond our vision exist? Does everything that we cant perceive with out senses still exist? We breathe air but we cant see it, or taste it, much less hear or smell it. Thus we come pole to Descartesfirst meditation we dont truly know what exists and we have no way of justifying our sensory perceptions.Through my own experiences, I posit that I exist because fancy I dont have total control over my surroundings, I can still cause ripples that will tilt my environment for myself or those who will come there at a later (indeterminate) time. Now to pass this theory, I believe that anything that can cause ripples in an environment exists. Consequently, most anything that we can perceive (and tear down more that we cant) exist. Furthermore, just because a thing doesnt think (for example rocks, terra, tomatoes, ants) doesnt mean it doesnt exist, or that it isnt.My belief also goes for the lack of an existence. For instance, if all the atomic number 8 were to suddenly and instantaneously broadcast to a different place then a huge vacuum would form in the precedent location of all the oxygen. The sudden appearance of oxygen would crowd up the new location and may even force out something else that also exists because that movement also causes a ripple. The initial location of the oxygen would find someway of filling up that space and anything else that exists would be most likely pulled into that area and create yet more ripples.This system not only provides for existence, it provides a way to hamper if something exists simply check i f it causes an effect that provides a temporary or continuous change on the environment, and even if it doesnt provide a change that can be readily registered by your senses that doesnt necessarily mean that a thing doesnt exist (see oxygen example in preceding paragraph). The only things that are not included in this definition is brain density no matter how dense it is, the brain will produce the same thought processes and consequently not exist.Descartes is ultimately wrong in his conclusion that thought and contemplation of existence proves existence. In that case, what is existence? Existence occurs when a ripple is formed to change an environment, and therefore close to everything has existence of some kind, if only primary ripple effects are observed.

The Eighth Amendment

The ordinal amendment is defined as spendthrift bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor ferocious and unusual penalisations inflicted (Lectlaw, 2010). This amendment was adopted as part of the Bill of Rights in 1791. The 8th amendment serves the purpose of protection of those who are innocent until proven guilty and to ensure that all persons are do by fairly in the criminal justice system. Defendants who are not released on bail are beingness denied the opportunity to prepare their defense.Also, denying bail or having excessive bail imprisons the defendant without being properly convicted. in that respect are cases, however, where bail must be denied or set excessively high. If an unconvicted defendant is feared to be a danger to the community or a flight risk, the constitution permits the denial of bail (FindLaw, 2010). The no excessive fines clause of the eighth amendment presides fines directly imposed by, and payable to the government and in civil fo rfeiture cases (Onecle, 2009). The terminal excessive still has not been defined by the United States coquet system.Asset forfeiture, however, has take a key element in the war on drugs as the government has the power to seize office of persons that have not yet been convicted of a crime (Hornberger, 2005). The law there shall not be deplorable and unusual penalisation under the eighth amendment means that smart set will deem what is cruel and unusual. The standards of society transform over time as citizens do better when they know better. Medevil practices such as cutting off the hand of a theif are obviously unacceptable forms of penalty in at onces modern society.While the death penalty is used in some states for those who commit the well-nigh heinous of crimes, not all states impose such a severe sentence. The first known death penalty within the United States occurred in the year 1607 in Jamestown. Captain George Kendall was shot to death by a firing squad for alleg edly spying against the British (Justice, 2009). Since then, there has been a struggle among society and lawmakers attempting to fix if the death penalty falls under unusual and cruel punishment. In the late 1960s, all only when 10 states had laws authorizing capital punishment (Justice, 2009).During Furman v. Georgia in 1972, the U. S. Supreme Court decided against capital punishment on national and state levels. The majority ruled in a five to four ballot that the death penalty violated the rights of the eighth amendment (Justice, 2009). Over 600 inmates sitting on death row had their sentences tip over between the years 1967 and 1972. This suspension of the death penalty continued until 1976. During the Gregg v. Georgia case in 1976, the court decided to uphold a procedure in which the trial of capital crimes was bifurcated into guilt-innocence and sentencing phases (Wikipedia, 2010).These proceedings entailed a jury to first decide if a defendant is guilty. Based upon that decision, then a jury decides whether either aggravating and mitigating factors in assessing the ultimate penalty life in prison or capital punishment (Wikipedia, 2010). In 2002, the United States Supreme Court decided that the execution of criminals who are mentally ill to be cruel and unusual punishment. Also, in 2005, it was decided that the execution of criminals under the age of 18 to be cruel and unusual as well.As of the year 2008,the death penalty is authorized by 37 states, the federal government and the U. S. Military (Clarkprosecutor, 2008). Alaska, Hawaii, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Minnesota, North Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin and Rhode Island do not support capital punishment (Clarkprosecutor, 2008). If the past has any influence on the future, the laws governing the death penalty will probably stir time and time again. Society must do the best they can with the knowledge they acquire.Who is to say that the death penalty will be ab olished forever or that possibly the death penalty might become usual punishment for crimes less than heinous? The future, in regards to the death penalty, may hold some surprises for us. only if the future will reveal what is to come. ClarkProsecutor. Org, 2008. The death penalty. Retrieved on January 31, 2010 from http//www. clarkprosecutor. org/html/death/dpusa. htm FindLaw (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. findlaw. com/ Hornberger, Jacob. G. The charge up of rights (2005).Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. fff. org/freedom/fd0503a. asp Justice (2009). History of the Death Penalty. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//justice. uaa. alaska. edu/death/history. html LectLaw (2010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. lectlaw. com/def/e082. htm Onecle (2009). Excessive Fines. Retrieved onJanuary 30, 2009 from http//law. onecle. com/constitution/amendment-08/02-excessive-fines. html Wikipedia (2 010). The eighth amendment. Retrieved on January 30, 2010 from http//www. wikipedia. org

Graffiti Art Essay

In the late 1960ss, a nonher art writing drift was recognized and demonstrable although its lack of row and early(a) basic aesthetic elements has been once a study of debates as regard its acceptance in the artistic world. Obviously, it differs from the flora of art found in museums and galleries and its fitable ar non found in those elite locations because its location is specific. The location of graffito art has been in certainity a subject of oppositions as well as its bold, unexpected and unconventional monstrance. Although mum, its location, may it be illegal, does not dis incline it as art.Thus, graffiti art is a make water of art despite criticisms on its legality, cohesion and presentation. It is likewise argued that graffiti art is a form of vandalism, however this is true only if they appeared on toffee-nosed or public property with prohibited permission. graffiti art is indeed an some other(prenominal) genre of visual master entrap. graffiti comes f rom grafficar, an Italian word for drawings, markings, patterns, scribbles, or messages that are painted, written, or carved on a circumvent or surface. graffito is the plural of grafficar. Grafficar also signifies a process meaning to scratch.Examples of which are varied wall literature ranging from cave photos, bathroom scribbles, or any message that is scratched on walls. In the ancient Egypt and Rome, in particular, graffiti has been visible in monuments and building walls which are now being explored. It is originally used to edge inscriptions, normal drawings, and other carvings found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins. Examples are the Catacombs, or those found at Pompeii. (Whitford, 1992. pp. 137) In the modern era, present day graffiti is also associated to any unsolicited markings on a private or public property, usually considered to be vandalism.In the early 1970s young radical Yorkers has started to adopt tags, signatures and signs using aerosol sprinkle s and markers in public places. The youngsters, belonging to the black and Puerto Rican communities have initiated the tagging which eventually developed and soon covered the citys walls, buses and obviously in subway trains. Tags even cover the broad(a) train. rough may contain screen names or reflections of the writer, comes in subtle and often mantic messages. Taki, an artist of Greek-American descent, was the first modern identified tagger in New York.He signed himself Taki 183, the number probably derived from the number in his apartment block. several(prenominal) names also made their appearances in some real urban murals painted with spray-paint. Tags such as Futura 2000, Dust and Pink gained fame and recognition in the world of hip-hops. in that respect were also Basquiat and Haring who also started to work in the street and the subway but their works swiftly imbue beyond the works of graffiti. Their works attracted the attention of influential dealers which put them in great demand although their works were considered one of the rare forms of graffiti art.(Graffiti 2007, p. 1) Tagging and graffiti differs from each other although arguments about this difference still arise. Tagging is associated negatively as coterie-motivated and illegal because it is usually meant as vandalism. It is also viewed as too vulgar or debatable to have public value. On the other hand, graffiti can be viewed as creative expression, not to mention its usual link to politics. Main Types of Graffiti Art The main types of graffiti fall into different categories and have their own names which are recognized in cities all over the world. First is hip joint Hop Graffiti.This is characterized by pieces which hip hop graffitists create by aerosol spray paints. They are large and colorful works, usually including either a complex mix of letters or a cartoon-style picture. This type of graffiti often lacks much thought and planning in design and usually takes an across-th e-board period of time. Second is the Opportunistic Graffiti which location is selected impulsively, on the tush of minuscule risk and low natural surveillance. Graffitists of this type usually use tags or scrawling to mark their territory. Third type is the Gang Graffiti.Gang graffiti is not art work but a sophisticated communication to beam gang power, status, and territory. This type is somehow related to opportunistic graffitists because they also use tags or scrawling to mark territory. nevertheless in addition to this, gangs use graffiti to create notoriety or award off their defiance of the law and society, and as a mode of marking their presence. The fourth, the Political & Social Graffiti is obviously of racial or political motivation. This is uncommonly regarded as part of the graffiti subculture, although it is recognized as damaging to property.The kick the bucket type is the Commercial Graffiti which is an emerging civic problem. This involves huge compensations p aid by private organizations to graffitists to spray advertising logos onto walkways and buildings for promotions of their products. This type is an illegal form of advertising that avoids normal planning laws. (Stowers 1997, pp. 1-2) Gang Graffiti The Most Dangerous Graffiti The gang graffiti is the around controversial not just because of the characters of its writings but because of its social impact in the neighborhood. Gang graffiti is an indication of gang presence in the community.Gangs use graffiti as their newspapers, thus they usually call it newspaper in the wall as gangs use them to send messages. This is their way of marking boundaries and warning rival gangs. Graffiti may also be an instrument to advertise drug market or, as a memorial to a killed gang member. Symbols and mystifying writing style is exclusive in each gang. Death warrants and beat downs are known to be posted in graffiti. Upside down or crossed out graffiti familiarly direction a put down or threat t o a rival gang or soulfulness. (Bland and engage 2000)According to Michael Carlie (2002), graffiti is the most common method of gang communication and a major symbol of their gang affiliation. Jonathan Kellerman (1994) as cited by Carlie referred to graffiti as the hieroglyphics of rage because of the violence associated with it. On the surface, a person who is not familiar with it might think of graffiti as a simple nonsense painting on the wall or in poles or elsewhere, or just a plain vandal. Carlie adds that among other things, graffiti communicates the role call or the roster of gang members, or the hierarchy of gang members.It also implies whos around, whos with who, whos disrespecting who, which gangs are claiming what territory and which areas are in dispute. It may be an resolution of current gang activities and whos getting ready to attack who, or whos already been killed. A familiar language, for example, is the X which if marked on a members name federal agency he i s the likely target for an attack or murder. (Carlie 2002, pp. 2) An important not on gang graffiti is, in many ways, it is a code and codes in general are subjects to analysis.Deciphering gang graffiti requires the understanding of the symbols, abbreviations, structure, that composes the gang language. In the United States, gang graffiti is usually humbled on two dominant styles the L. A. and lolly styles which vary greatly and influence to some degree across the verdant. Some gangs use an exclusive style while others use a combination. For example, the Gangster Disciples originated in south-side of simoleons might combine L. A. style gang lettering with Chicago Folks Nation symbols. In New York, Latin Kings might use Chicago Latin King symbols but with New York tagger style graffiti lettering.(Graffiti 2010) These styles and some of the variations are seen throughout the country and a person who understands both styles is more likely to understand most, if not all, gang gra ffiti. Characters of gang related graffiti has sharp, angular stick letters, or mostly contains religious, even satanic imagery, or is done in one color of paint. Most of the times they are very simple and flat-out which make them smooth to figure out. But no matter how simple they appear, it still requires some basic code-breaking skills. (Deciphering Gang2010. p. 1)Figure 1 WS 18 St, HGS West Side Eighteenth thoroughfare (gang), Hoover Gangsters (a clique of 18th Street) Two-digit numbers, particularly 13? , 14? , or 18? , signifies graffiti for a hispanic gang while three digits, especially if they are the area code of your neighborhood, its almost certainly not a hispanic gang, but a typical prison or street sort. Exception to this is numbers followed by K which means a threat from a rival gang. WS18? (figure 1) is a tag for the (hispanic) West Side 18th Street gang out of California. WS18K means a threat towards 18th Street by a topical anesthetic gang.Note that K is short for Kill. If there are two digits, see if theyre prefixed by N, S, E, or W (or NS, SS, ES, or WS) which relate to the cardinal directions, and form part of the gangs identity. Hispanic gangs more often use 13 and 14 the thirteenth letter of the alphabet is M, which generally stands for Mexico or La Eme, the Mexican Mafia and the 14th letter N generally means North that symbolizes which end of California the gang originated from. It is a division as gangstas from the north and south parts of California frequently clash.Figure 2 Lil Capone WS VSLC, crossed out BK, get across out PBGK Lil Capone (name of gang member) West Side Venice Shoreline Crips, Blood Killer, Playboy Gangster Killer (disrespect to rival gangs) plastered patterns appear without the numbers. As always, K is a threat to (K)ill, as are any crossed-out letters. A as in Almighty N, that virtually stands for Nation can be safely ignored. When seen together, which usually occurs, it show up that the gangs used to c alling themselves the Almighty Whatever Nation.Figure 3 GD around feature of David with number six inside the star, pitchfork extending from the D Gangsters Disciples with six point star representing GDs and Folks. Pitchford represents GDs and Folks Gangs which are known in the country carry a finite code which makes them easy to identify. GD is the Gangster Disciples and VL are the offense Lords. LK are the Latin Kings, and LQ the Latin Queens sometimes when theyre getting along, theyre the LKQ Latin Kings and Queens. Crossed-out letters in gang graffiti usually mean a threat.Letters B, C, F, P, or S crossed-out in a piece of gang graffiti, it signifies a threat towards a gang whose name, nation, or nickname begins with that crossed out letter. In the valetudinarianism Lord tag, the letter C is not crossed out which tells you the local Vice Lords dont have complaints with the (C)rips. Gangs should write very carefully because all too often, little slights in graffiti like cros sing out letters, or painting over rival gangs tags, are a sure warning sign of impending gang war. Figure 4 CVLN Conservative Vice Lords Nation. have words extending from the L is a CVL symbol.Upside down pitchfork shows disrespect towards Fold Nation gangs. Knowledge in deciphering gang graffiti introduced you to a neighborhood of gangs. In (figure 4) the C is short for Conservative. The Conservative Vice Lords are one of several dozen larger Vice Lord sets around United States. Some communities have taken a massive campaign against graffiti and also intensifies gang reduction. In Florida, the Florida surgical incision of Corrections website posts information to help educate the public in reducing gang activities, which imposes threat to the community.Some gangs, the website says, even use graffiti as Death warrants to authorities specifically to police officers. Community sense program in most part of America uses the 4 Rs of graffiti to come out campaign against gangs and ga ng graffiti. The slogan says, READ IT, RECORD IT, REPORT IT & REMOVE IT. (Deciphering Gang2010, p. 1) Thus, citizens should read it and encompass it to police, and police will record it and then remove it. These steps are important but the remotion of the graffiti is the most risky.Removal of graffiti manifests the neighborhoods refusal to be dominated or intimidate by gangs which is a language most gang members understand. Neighborhood residents who ignore graffiti and bother not to remove them are viewed as frightened and weak by the gangs who made them. At the worst, there are instances that gang members attack people who attempt to remove or cover their graffiti. Gang graffiti is the most dangerous of all graffiti and can usually be found around community prepare stations.It marks territory and rival gangs usually challenge for territory by crossing out another gangs graffiti. It imposes real and great danger to the residents. Messages in graffiti are taken bad by gangsters a nd the longer graffiti is, the greater the risk that the threats will be acted on. Graffiti is a portal crime and membership in gangs certainly guarantees a criminal record. Since juvenile of minor age receives more lenience when it comes to punishment, the minors are the usual target of recruitment and the doer of crimes.Residents Against Graffiti Everywhere (RAGE) is a community group that looks at social issues and works with local councils and Governments towards promoting a zero tolerance insurance on graffiti. (Bland and Read 2000, p. 179) By legal definition, graffiti is vandalism. It is the unauthorized application of markings on someone elses property, especially without permission. Therefore, legality wise it is a crime. The manner that graffiti is regularly produced as illegal detracts it from the fancy to be considered an art form.Very unfortunately that graffiti is responded with outrage over the abuse of someones property. This negative connotation may take away the value or impact of the artists original message. Perhaps, it would be better to get permission from the owner of the canvas to display the art. Yet, graffiti still elicits emotional response even in its illegal state. Furthermore, it is composed of lines, shapes, color, tones, and forms in a display that conveys a certain message and elicits an emotion. Therefore, it is safe to say that graffiti is indeed an art.As George Stowers (1997) presented four criteria as basis that some forms of graffiti become a work of art. First, the artists intention to produce a work of art separates graffiti art from everyday graffiti markings. Second, graffiti art established a history of development in style and technique. Third, the art world has already recognized graffiti as an art form. Fourth is the public response to graffiti art indicates that it is art. Regardless of the message it conveys, the fact that graffiti carry the aesthetic and creative symbolism and expression, public agrees that g raffiti is a form of art.Like other art forms, graffiti art is a definite art when both the artist and the audience agree on the works ability to provide maximal aesthetic satisfaction. Graffiti is presently known as spray can art which is a form indeed recognized as art. It has form, color, and other base properties as any other art pieces. It also has as an arrangement of these elements into structures that qualify it aesthetically as being art. However, something that is done with spray paint might make it graffiti, but not necessarily qualify as art or graffiti art.Location and presentation still are the factors that hinder the general acceptance of graffiti art. However, the instances that the art worlds acceptance of graffiti art shows that conventional methods of presentation are not all that matters in determining graffiti as an art. Graffiti in the form of spray can art is art like any other work that might be found in a gallery or a museum. References Bland, N. & Read, T. (2000). Policing Anti-social Behaviour. Police Research Series 123, Policing and cut down Crime, British Home Office, London, UK.Carlie, Michael. (2002) Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers. (Into the Abyss A Personal Journey into the reality of Street Gangs) Retrieved 23 May 2010 from . Deciphering Gang Graffiti (2008). The Slugsite. com. Retrieved 23 May 2010 from . Graffiti. (2007) The Huntfor. com retrieved 23 May 2010 from .

Earplugs Improve Patients Subjective Experience of Sleep in Critical Care

Earplugs improve perseverings subjective experience of nap in critical precaution Laboure College breast feeding 202 March 8, 2013 The purpose of this study is to see if earplugs improve slumber in patients in critical care areas. It is to see if the use of earplugs will improve patient outcomes by decreasing noise levels during balanceing hours. The problem statement is that patients will train better quicker if they get uninterrupted rest. The literature review summarizes the topic and its findings.According to the article, noise can have a negative claim on patients outcomes same(p) sleep disturbances (Honkus, 2003 Redeker, 2003), increase in the stress response (Kam et al. , 1994 Moore et al. , 1998 Lower et al. , 2002), and condensed patient satisfaction (Lower & Bonsack, 2002). Different interventions were tried to decrease noise levels, but unfortunately, patients needs came first therefore abandoning those interventions like quiet time. Quiet time protocols were imp lemented by restricting care activities and visiting at sleep hours (Moore et al. , 1998 Olson et al. 2001 Kellman, 2002 Lower & Bonsack, 2003). Wallace et al. (1998) studied the effect of earplugs worn during normal sleeping hours by 12 intensive care patients receiving mechanical ventilation and reported an increase in REM sleep during earplug use. This study was qualitative because it had the analyse subjects use subjective entropy about the use of earplugs and the decrease in noise level by using The Verran-Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale. The fit between the research question and methods are inconclusive because it is based on subjective data and not all the test subjects finished the study.The sample is the test subjects in the study. The participants include men and women over the age of 18 who were admitted to critical care units at a Midwestern US teaching hospital (Scotto, McClusky, Spillan, & Kimmel, 2009). The criteria consisted of subjects who were alert and oriented, abl e to understand the study, able to give informed consent and name the official document (Scotto et al. , 2009). The data was collected by having the 100 participants randomly assigned to the earplug intervention or mesh classify.The intervention group was giving instructions on the use of the earplugs during regular sleep hours for one wickedness only removing them briefly for less than 10 minutes at a time for communication purposes (Scotto et al. , 2009). The data was compiled by having the participants complete the Verran-Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale the day following the study. The sleep scale scores were whence kept in a locked box until data was entered into an SPSS spreadsheet for analysis to be seen by the research team. The instruments utilize were soft foam earplugs and the Verran-Snyder-Halpern Sleep Scale.The sleep scale measures subjective response to sleep in hospitalized adults (Snyder-Halpern & Verran, 1987). The tool is an eight-item visual analogue instrument t hat takes about 10 minutes or less to complete (Snyder-Halpern & Verran, 1987 Richardson, 1997). The airplane pilot study received approval from the Summa Health System internal review board and had an equivalent group post-test-only design (Scotto et al. , 2009). The weakness of the study is the limitation of test subjects and that the data is qualitative.The findings showed that the participants using earplugs during normal sleeping hours deteriorate asleep easier, woke up less, decrease tossing and turning, slept deeper and woke up feeling refreshed. Out of the six different types of earplugs, used patients preferent foam earplugs because they were more comfortable and easier to insert (Chisholm et al. , 2004). I would rate this article a three in difficulty. The overall contribution the study makes to patient care is finding ways to improve patients REM sleep therefore improving outcomes for patients well being.I think that earplug use on all types of floors in a hospital set ting would be beneficial to help improve the overall health of the patient. References Chisholm E, Kuchai R, McPartlin D. (2004). An objective evaluation of the waterproof qualities, ease of insertion, and comfort of commonly available earplugs. Clinical Otolaryngology 29 128-132. Honkus V. (2003). Sleep Deprivation in critical care units. Critical awe Nurse 26 179-189. Kam P, Kam A, Thompson J. (1994). Noise pollution in the anaesthetic(a) and intensive care environments. Anesthesia 49 982-986. Kellman N. (2002). Noise in the intensive care nursery.Neonatal Network 21 35-41. Lower J, Bonsack C. (2002). High-tech high touch mission possible? Dimensions of Critical attention 21 201-205. Moore M, Nguyen D, Nolan S, Robinson S, Ryals B, Imbries J, Spotnitz W. (1998). Interventions to reduce decibel levels on patient care units. The American Surgeon 64 894-899. Olson D, Borel C, Laskowitz D, Moore D, McConnell E. (2001). Quiet time a nursing intervention to promote sleep in neuro-cr itical care units. American Journal of Critical Care 10 74-78 Redeker N. (2003). Sleep in acute care settings an integrative review. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 32 31-38 Richardson S. 1997). A comparison of tools for the assessment of sleep pattern disturbances in critically ill adults. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing 16 226-242. Scotto C, McClusky C, Spillan S, Kimmel J (2009). Earplugs improve patients subjective experience of sleep in critical care. Nursing in Critical Care, 14(4). Snyder-Halpern R, Verran J. (1987). Instrumentation to describe subjective sleep characteristics in healthy subjects. Nursing in Research and Health 10 155-163. Wallace C, Robins J, Alvord L, Walker J. (1998). The effects of earplugs in critically ill patients. Sleep 21(Suppl. ) 234.

Assessment and Learners Essay

1. 1 excuse the functions of mind in acquisition and development. The functions of sound judgement in learning and development argon a regular figure come forth upon that altogetherows the assessor to gauge the scholarly persons fellowship and skills against set criteria in the chosen arriere pensee. This is completed at the begging of the qualification so the assessor finish see if the savant has skills, competence and knowledge to complete the qualification. The legal opinions ar on-going through step forward the qualification.The appraisals salute prospect for the assessor to monitor the progress and performance of the savant and en equal them to record achievements. Within the sound judgements the assessor can identify learners strikes. If it is identified that the learner is struggling it go away give the opportunity to look at former(a) ways of learning which whitethorn suit the individualistic. At the appraisal the assessor can provide positive feedback to the learner, as well as offer advice on how to amend go away or progress further. 1. 2 Define the key concepts and principles of assessments.Key conceptsThe key concepts of assessment are the aspects voluminous end-to-end the assessment care for. These key concepts are as views Accountable As the assessor I need to be accountable to my learners and the organisation I am maneuver for to image I am carrying out my berth as the assessor correctly. The learners need to be aware why they are being assessed and what is anticipate from them to complete their assessment criteria. I volition also be accountable to the awarding body if I am working on their accredited qualifications and to the employers if I am assessing in their work environments.Achievement I may be required to analyse achievement data and compare them to national or organisational targets. The jump outing my organisation receives may be related to my learners achievements. Assessment strategy Staying to t he assessment strategy for my event will ensure i am carrying out my role correctly. Benchmarking Benchmarking involves comparing what the excepted standard is for a particular subject area against the current position of my learners performance. Benchmarking will eachow me to target set for my individual or group learners.If I find my learners are not meeting benchmarks set I will evaluate this and implement improvements. Evaluation The evaluation of the assessment process should always take come forth to inform current and future usage. All aspects of the assessment cycle should be evaluated on an ongoing alkali and feedback obtained from all involved. Internally devised assessment Internal devised assessments may be produced by myself or other cater in my organisation. These could be assignments, projects or questions that will also be marked by myself.Externally devised assessment Externally devised assessments are usually produced by an awarding body such as an examinatio n. promotion Progression should be addressed between me and my learner to identify opportunities and that the right route has been chosen. To progress I could move my learners onto modernistic units or if they have finished a qualification we could cover what would be appropriate for them now. Transparency To bound transparency would be to say that it has to be produce to all involved in the assessment process and we all understand what is expected and that nothing untoward is taking place.This is assisted by my declare intelligence of the criteria inside the qualification and what is expected of the learner. I moldiness(prenominal) keep auditable records for every learner and maintain these throughout the qualification. Principles The principles of assessment are the functions of which the key concepts are put into practice. VACSR VACSR is used to ensure that all leaners assessed work is Valid, Authentic, Current, fit and Reliable. If this is not followed I may arrive at an incorrect judgement on assessment of work or may not notice that work has been plagiarised.Other key principles of assessment discourse I should communicate with my learners regularly and others such as employers, internal tint assurers and assessors. CPD I mustiness get at sure I am up to date with new legislations and my knowledge is of the highest up to date standard. equating and diversity I must insure I am open to all and treat everybody the analogous regardless of religion, sex or ethnicity. Ethics I must ensure that my assessment process is frank and morally correct. As the assessor of learners I need to keep confidentiality and integrity.Fairness I must make sure the activities I set are fit for purpose and my imagening and feedback justifiable. Health and safety Learners must be kept safe whilst being assessed so regular risk assessments must be carried out. motif Motivation should be given to my learners to help them achieve their full potential. Quality assu rance It is my job to ensure assessments meet the standards set out by awarding bodies. Record keeping Through the teaching and learning process I must keep accurate records of my learners progression.Responsibility It is my responsibility to follow organisational guidelines and produce reports when asked. SMART All assessments need to be Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. Standardisation I must ensure all assessment criterias are understood accurately by my learners and I am consistent in my decision making. The key concepts and principles are there for me to follow so that I can ensure my role as an assessor is being carried out correctly in accordance to all applicable regulations and requirements. 1. 3 Explain the responsibilities of the assessor.There are many responsibilities that I will have in my role as assessor. They include * Attending meetings, exhibitions, award ceremonies and presentation events. * Checking the authenticity of source testimon ies. * Maintain and complete safe and secure records. * Countersign other assessors work (If they are not qualified) * destiny with appeals made against my assessment decisions. * Follow organisation or regulatory authoritys procedures. * Give structural and developmental feedback to learners. * Identify and deal with barriers to fair assessment. * Implement internal and external quality assurance meet points.* Liaise with others in the assessment process. * Make my own judgements based on assessment requirements. * Maintain my own development. * Negotiate and accommodate assessment plans. * Provide statistics to managers. * Review my learners progress. * Standardise practices with other assessors. * bet on my learners with special assessment requirements and deal with any issues supportively. * Work towards relevant assessment qualification. If I am ever unsure of my roles or responsibilities I will not hesitate to contact other assessors or management for guidance.1.4 Identify the regulations and requirements relevant to assessment in own area of practice. My current practice is the supervision of a childcare setting. I have identified the requirements and regulations that are relevant to assessment are * Ofsted * Every child matters * Early years foundation stage * Health and safety * Equal opportunities * Safeguarding of children * The children act 1989 2 2. 1 Compare the strengths and limitations of a range of assessment methods with reference to the needs of individual learners. I will be comparing the strengths and limitations of two assessment methods in the table below.Method Description Strengths Limitations Observations enamor learners perform a skill Observation will allow me to see my learners skills in action. I will be able to holistically cover several aspects of the qualification. It will allow my learners (were safe to do so) make mistakes and learn from them. Ideal for trains 1,2 and 3 learners. A time must be set so I can learn my l earner. My learners may feel under pressure to perform their job role in a different manner. No permanent record is kept unless I record what the learner is doing. Questions must be asked to confirm apprehension. Professional discussions A recorded discussion based on learners qualification criteria This will be an ideal way for me to asses aspects of learners qualification that are difficult to observe. Will help provide evidence towards observations. My learners will be able to describe how they carry out work activities. Good for level learners 2, 3. I must keep a record of the discussion utilise a recording device. proceedings must be kept of discussions. I will have to give my learners time to prepare. I must gather experience at listening to learners and ask the appropriate questions.Learners around level 1 may feel pressured and unable to enter the discussion. 3. 3. 1 add up key constituents to consider when provision assessment. When planning an assessment I must mak e sure that it is SMART. * Specific-the activity is clear to the learner and what is expected of them is agreed. * Measurable- the activity can be measured against the assessment criteria, allowing any gaps to be filled. * Achievable- the activity is at the level for my learner. * Realistic- the activity is relevant and will give consistent results. * Time bound-target dates and times are arranged.I must also factor in the time allowance I have with my learner, which I will discuss with the employer prior to the assessment planning. I may need to adjust my planning to different shift patterns or annual guide entitlements my learner may have. I must follow the SMART principle and consider the level and knowledge of my learners and set the realistic targets to meet the requirements of their chosen qualification. 3. 2 Evaluate the benefits of using a holistic onward motion to assessment. I have found that it can be beneficial to use a holistic apostrophize as you are able to asses m ore criteria within the qualification at one time.Therefore highlighting which areas my learner is competent in or may need further support. I may be able to carry out a holistic assessment and find that my learner is competent in most areas of criteria but was unable to cover certain aspects, I will cover these aspects by using other assessment methods such as professional discussions or set assignments. 3. 3 Explain how to plan a holistic approach to assessment. To plan an holistic observation I would first consider the (WWWWWH) Who, what, when, where, why and how the assessment will take place.I would then sit and agree a plan with my learner. I would make it clear of what was expected from the learner and allow them time to prepare. I will plan to observe naturally occurring situations which may occur whilst observing the agreed plan, I will make sure the learner understands this. I will keep written notes to back up the evidence that I witness. 3. 4 Summarise the types of risk that may be involved in assessment in own area of responsibility. In my area own area of responsibility as Assessor the risks involved with assessment are as follows * Lone working.* Time allowance to my learners * Different shift patterns of learners * Learners attendance * Company external training old age * Company closures * Recourses operable for observations * Assessment folders/work not being brought to planned dates 3. 5 Explain how to minimise risks through the planning process. I can avoid and plan around the risks above with good communication with management and learners. I will make sure there is a clear understanding from all that are involved to what is expected from them through planning assessments to minimise the risks.I will contact company management at certain times to make them aware of my location, especially when working late evenings. 4. 1 Explain the importance of involving the learner and others in the assessment process. It is important to involve my l earners within the assessment process because it allows me the opportunity to ask if there is anything I can do to help support their chosen qualification. I will be able to help support needs such as hard of hearing, visual impaired or dyslexia suffers. It is also important to involve learners as we will agree their plans.I will make sure that there is a clear understanding of what is required of them and discuss ways of achieving the tasks set out in the assessment. 4. 2 Summarise types of information that should be made available to learners and others involved in the assessment process. The types of information that should be available to learners and others involved in the assessment process have been identified below. * The criteria that my learner will be assessed by. * The awarding organisation requirements. * Assessment plans (Specific Criteria) * Venue in which assessment will take place.* The feedback that I give my learners. * Assessments decisions that I have made. 4. 3 Explain how mate and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and individual(prenominal) responsibility in the assessment of learning. Peer and self-assessment can be used effectively to promote learner involvement and personal responsibility in the assessment of learning by promoting interaction between learners. The learners are able to discuss and share information which can lead to the learner checking or glittering on their own work and make full in any new information they may have acquired.Activities that I put on for a group of learners may correct misunderstandings without my involvement, and the comments made to the individual learner may be taking in a better manner then coming from myself the assessor. I am also able to reflect on my own practice and identify areas in which I may be able to improve my performance. 4. 4 Explain how assessment arrangements can be adapted to meet the needs of individual learners. When planning assessments I can make arrangements to adapt the needs of individual learners.I may need to throw the way I am delivering feedback or my assessment methods. For example I had a learner that had forgotten his notes for a professional discussion that was agreed in a previous feedback and planning session. I was able to rearrange the agreed plan to allow my learner to do a question and answer on that visit. This helped my learner continue with their progress. At all times I should support and encourage the learners and treat them all as individuals. I will treat all learners in compliance with The Equal Opportunities act 2010. 5.1 Explain how to judge whether evidence is sufficient, authentic, current. To ensure my judgments are sufficient, authentic and current I will asses all learners work by the principle of VACSR, Valid Authentic Current Sufficient Reliable. Sufficient Make sure my learners work covers the assessment criteria. Authentic Be positive that work produced by my learners is produc ed alone by them. Current Decide whether the work is still relevant at time of assessment. 5. 2 Explain how to ensure that assessment decisions are made against undertake criteria, valid, reliable, fair.To ensure that my assessment decisions are made against specified criteria, valid, reliable and fair I will Made against specified criteria Have a good understanding and knowledge of the qualification I am assessing and understand its requirements. Valid I will ensure the learners work is relevant to the assessment criteria. Reliable My learners work is consistent over time and the required level. Fair The assessment type used was appropriate to the learners needs and level. 6. 1 Evaluate the importance of quality assurance in the assessment process.It is important to have quality assurance during the assessment process is because it monitors and evaluates the service of process I am giving to my learners. The quality assurance should identify and recommend measures to make improv ements to standards of my work or monitor the standard to stop it dropping. The quality assurance will monitor my learners for the duration of time they are with me. They will monitor the training and assessment activities and overall make sure I am carrying out my job correctly. 6. 2 Summarise quality assurance and standardisation procedures in own area of practice.